%0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) cryocooling instrument %A Hannah Rana %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A Freeman, Mark %A Peter Galison %A Paul K. Grimes %A Hada, Kazuhiro %A Honma, Mareki %A et al %X
The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space-VLBI mission that will extend the Event Horizon Telescope into space. The cryogenic receivers must be cooled down to 4.5K. A cryogenic system consisting of two Stirling cryocoolers and a Joule-Thomson cooler has been explored which consists of a 20K and a 4.5K cold stage in order to cool a combined heat load of approximately 250mW. The integration challenges of the cryocooling system with the receivers and broader instrument are explored, where power, mass, and thermal challenges require careful considerations and trade-off. This study presents a feasible cryocooling design that reaches the cold temperature requirements of the BHEX instrument.
%B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-BHEX-cryocooling-instrument/13092-198 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: using the photon ring to visualize spacetime around the black hole %A Peter Galison %A Alexandru Lupsasca %A Michael Johnson %XThe Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), is an orbiting, multi-band, millimeter radio-telescope, in hybrid combination with millimeter terrestrial radio-telescopes, designed to discover and measure the thin photon ring around the supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A*. In order to guide the mission design for the BHEX instruments, this paper explores various aspects of the photon ring, like the spin-induced changes to its shape, or the intricate flow of light around a spinning black hole, by tracking, through visual simulations, photons as they course along geodesics. Ultimately, the aim of these visualizations is to advance the foundational aims of the EHE instrument, and through this experiment to articulate spacetime geometry via the photon ring.
%B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--using-the-photon-ring-to/13092-195 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: detecting the photon ring and measuring its shape %A Alexandru Lupsasca %A Alejandro Cárdenas-Avendaño %A Samuel E. Gralla %A Marrone, Daniel P. %A Michael Johnson %A Daniel C. Palumbo %A Tiede, Paul %A Peter Galison %XThe photon ring is a narrow ring-shaped feature (predicted by general relativity, but not yet observed) that appears in black hole images. It is caused by the extreme bending of light within a few Schwarzschild radii of the event horizon and provides a direct probe of the unstable bound photon orbits of the Kerr black hole geometry. The precise shape of the observable photon ring is remarkably insensitive to the details of the astronomical source and can therefore be used as a precise probe of strong-field gravity. The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a proposed space-based experiment targeting the supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A* with radio-interferometric observations at frequencies of 86 through 345 GHz and from an orbital distance of ~40,000km. We forecast that its design will enable a measurement of the photon rings around M87* and Sgr A* and confirm the Kerr nature of these two sources.
%B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--detecting-the-photon-ring-and/13092-194 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: operating a hybrid observatory %A Issaoun, Sara %A Janice Houston %A Jade Wang %A Kim Alonso %A Marrone, Daniel P. %A Alexander Plavin %A Robert Lafon %A et al %XWe present a baseline science operations plan for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a space mission concept aiming to confirm the existence of the predicted sharp “photon ring” resulting from strongly lensed photon trajectories around black holes, as predicted by general relativity, and to measure its size and shape to determine the black hole's spin. The BHEX radio antenna will co-observe with a ground-based very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) array, providing unprecedented high resolution with the extension to space that will enable photon ring detection and studies of active galactic nuclei. Here we outline the concept of operations for the hybrid observatory coordinating both a VLBI network and an optical downlink terminal network, the available observing modes, the proposal and observation planning process, and data delivery to achieve the BHEX mission goals and meet mission requirements.
%B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-operating-a-hybrid-observatory/13092-193 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: instrument system overview %A Marrone, Daniel P. %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A Blackburn, Lindy %A Bryan C. Bilyeu %A Don Boroson %A Edgar R. Canavan %A Dave Caplan %A et al %XWe describe the baseline design of the science instrument for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept currently in the formulation phase. BHEX will study supermassive black holes to understand fundamental physics, black hole jets, and the growth of black holes in galaxies. By co-observing with ground radio telescopes, BHEX will achieve 3-5 micro-arcsecond resolution from a distance of ~40,000 km. Observations will be conducted in two simultaneous bands between 80-350GHz, using an on-board low-power, low-mass ultra-stable oscillator as the master frequency reference, and the digitized data will be transmitted to the ground through an ultra-wide bandwidth laser downlink.
%B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-instrument-system-overview/13092-93 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: astrophysics mission concept engineering study report %A Peretz, Eliad %A Peter Kurczynski %A Michael Johnson %A Janice Houston %A Tirupati Kumara Sridharan %A Jade Wang %A Peter Galison %A et al %X The Black Hole Explorer: (BHEX) is a space mission to image radio emissions of black holes by expanding both the baseline and time resolution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). This involves integrating a space telescope into an array of ground telescopes, such as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). Ultimately, the EHE will enable transformative science and the mission goals are well aligned with the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey. The EHE mission concept study was designed with three major stages: (1) a Science Study which articulates plausible goals and objectives (2) an Engineering Study which articulates overall feasi- bility and technological readiness and (3) a Mission Architecture Study which combines the results of the previous studies to match achievable science goals and objectives with feasible engineering to yield a plausible mission architecture. This paper review the initial steps taken under stage two of the EHE project. %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--astrophysics-mission-concept-engineering-study/13092-92 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A Hada, Kazuhiro %A Kotaro Niinuma %A Akihiro Doi %A Peter Galison %A Yoshiaki Hagiwara %A Aya Higuchi %A et al %X The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a next-generation space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that will extend the ground-based Event Horizon Telescope into space. The Japanese community is poised to make major contributions to the mission, ranging from science to mission-critical instrumentation. Here we present the Japanese vision for the mission. A potential major technical contribution is providing key components for its sensitive tri-band receiving system, including SIS mixers at 230 and 345 GHz and a space-qualified multi-stage 4.5K cryocooler similar to that on JAXA’s Hitomi and XRISM satellites. The Japanese community envisions broad science cases spanning from various black hole physics/astrophysics explored with VLBI to molecular universe explored by the potential single-dish observing mode at radio frequencies to be explored for the first time with the BHEX mission. %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Japanese-Vision-for-the-Black-Hole-Explorer-Mission/13092-91 %0 Conference Paper %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %D In Preparation %T The Black Hole Explorer: motivation and vision %A Michael Johnson %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A Rebecca Baturin %A Bryan Bilyeu %A Blackburn, Lindy %A Don Boroson %A Alejandro Cárdenas-Avendaño %A et al %X We present the motivation and vision for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a mission that will extend submillimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. BHEX, currently under formulation for a NASA Small Explorer mission, will discover and measure the bright and narrow “photon ring” that is predicted to exist in images of black holes, will reveal the processes that drive supermassive black hole creation and growth, and will connect supermassive black holes to their relativistic jets. %B Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave %C Yokohama, Japan %G eng %U https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-motivation-and-vision/13092-90 %0 Book Section %B The Foucauldian Mind %D In Preparation %T Foucault and Positivism %A Peter Galison %E Daniele Lorenzini %B The Foucauldian Mind %G eng %0 Book Section %B Agnotology: The New Science of Creating and Preventing Ignorance %D Submitted %T Anti-Epistemology: Ignorance by Law %A Peter Galison %B Agnotology: The New Science of Creating and Preventing Ignorance %I Stanford University Press %G eng %0 Book %D Submitted %T Invisibilities: Seeing and Unseeing the Anthropocene %A Peter Galison %A Caroline A. Jones %I Zone Books %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal Letters %D 2024 %T First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring %A Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration %X In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%–28%, peaking at ∼40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ≈46° ± 12° rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150°. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow. %B The Astrophysical Journal Letters %V 964 %P L26 %G eng %U https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1 %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal LEtters %D 2024 %T First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring %A Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration %X The Event Horizon Telescope observed the horizon-scale synchrotron emission region around the Galactic center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), in 2017. These observations revealed a bright, thick ring morphology with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μas and modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry, consistent with the expected appearance of a black hole with mass M ≈ 4 × 106 M ⊙. From these observations, we present the first resolved linear and circular polarimetric images of Sgr A*. The linear polarization images demonstrate that the emission ring is highly polarized, exhibiting a prominent spiral electric vector polarization angle pattern with a peak fractional polarization of ∼40% in the western portion of the ring. The circular polarization images feature a modestly (∼5%–10%) polarized dipole structure along the emission ring, with negative circular polarization in the western region and positive circular polarization in the eastern region, although our methods exhibit stronger disagreement than for linear polarization. We analyze the data using multiple independent imaging and modeling methods, each of which is validated using a standardized suite of synthetic data sets. While the detailed spatial distribution of the linear polarization along the ring remains uncertain owing to the intrinsic variability of the source, the spiraling polarization structure is robust to methodological choices. The degree and orientation of the linear polarization provide stringent constraints for the black hole and its surrounding magnetic fields, which we discuss in an accompanying publication. %B The Astrophysical Journal LEtters %V 964 %P L25 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0 %N 2 %0 Film or Broadcast %D 2024 %T Light at the Edge of the Universe: The Black Hole Explorer %A Peter Galison %A Chyld King %A Johnson, Michael D. %XAround the horizon of a black hole, an edge of the universe, light is captured, spun into orbit by the black hole’s powerful gravitational pull. Lying within the orange donut in the famous first image of a black hole, this “photon ring” would be a prize to measure—it would reveal the nature of spacetime itself, directly, near the horizon. Indeed, the shape of this pure ring of light tells everything about the black hole. With the stakes this high, a new collaboration—physicists, astronomers, engineers from around the world—has formed to loft a spacecraft that capture the photon ring. We are at the beginning of what is probably a ten-year effort—this is a film about the start of that adventure.
A film by Peter Galison, Michael Johnson, and Chyld King
%C USA %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Astronomy & Astrophysics %D 2024 %T The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87 - I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis %A Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al %X In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of ∼42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of as. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30° relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass ∼6.5 × 10<sup>9<sup/> <i>M<i/><sub>⊙<sub/>. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet. %B Astronomy & Astrophysics %V 681 %P A79 %G eng %U https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/01/aa47932-23/aa47932-23.html %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal %D 2023 %T The Event Horizon Telescope Image of the Quasar NRAO 530 %A Svetlana Jorstad %A Maciek Wielgus %A Rocco Lico %A Issaoun, Sara %A Broderick, Avery E. %A Pesce, Dominic W. %A Liu, Jun %A et al. %X We report on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530 with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) on 2017 April 5-7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. At z = 0.902, this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. We reconstruct the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an unprecedented angular resolution of similar to 20 mu as, both in total intensity and in linear polarization (LP). We do not detect source variability, allowing us to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which we associate with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of similar to 5%-8%, and it has a substructure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 mu as along a position angle similar to -28 degrees. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of LP, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field. Future EHT observations will probe the variability of the jet structure on microarcsecond scales, while simultaneous multiwavelength monitoring will provide insight into the high-energy emission origin. %B The Astrophysical Journal %V 943 %P 170 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acaea8 %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal %D 2023 %T Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration %A Prather, Ben S. %A Dexter, Jason %A Moscibrodzka, Monika %A Pu, Hung-Yi %A Thomas Bronzwaer %A Davelaar, Jordy %A Younsi, Ziri %A et al. %X Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties. %B The Astrophysical Journal %V 950 %P 35 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc586 %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal Letters %D 2023 %T First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IX. Detection of Near-horizon Circular Polarization %A Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration %X Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (divided by v divided by > < 3.7%), consistent with the low image-integrated circular polarization fraction measured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (divided by v(int)divided by < 1%). Despite this broad agreement, the methods show substantial variation in the morphology of the circularly polarized emission, indicating that our conclusions are strongly dependent on the imaging assumptions because of the limited baseline coverage, uncertain telescope gain calibration, and weakly polarized signal. We include this upper limit in an updated comparison to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation models. This analysis reinforces the previously reported preference for magnetically arrested accretion flow models. We find that most simulations naturally produce a low level of circular polarization consistent with our upper limit and that Faraday conversion is likely the dominant production mechanism for circular polarization at 230 GHz in M87*. %B The Astrophysical Journal Letters %V 957 %P L20 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acff70 %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal Letters %D 2023 %T Polarimetric Geometric Modeling for mm-VLBI Observations of Black Holes %A Roelofs, Freek %A Johnson, Michael D. %A Chael, Andrew %A Michael Janssen %A Maciek Wielgus %A Broderick, Avery E. %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A et al. %X The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a millimeter very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that has imaged the apparent shadows of the supermassive black holes M87* and Sagittarius A*. Polarimetric data from these observations contain a wealth of information on the black hole and accretion flow properties. In this work, we develop polarimetric geometric modeling methods for mm-VLBI data, focusing on approaches that fit data products with differing degrees of invariance to broad classes of calibration errors. We establish a fitting procedure using a polarimetric "m-ring" model to approximate the image structure near a black hole. By fitting this model to synthetic EHT data from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic models, we show that the linear and circular polarization structure can be successfully approximated with relatively few model parameters. We then fit this model to EHT observations of M87* taken in 2017. In total intensity and linear polarization, the m-ring fits are consistent with previous results from imaging methods. In circular polarization, the m-ring fits indicate the presence of event-horizon-scale circular polarization structure, with a persistent dipolar asymmetry and orientation across several days. The same structure was recovered independently of observing band, used data products, and model assumptions. Despite this broad agreement, imaging methods do not produce similarly consistent results. Our circular polarization results, which imposed additional assumptions on the source structure, should thus be interpreted with some caution. Polarimetric geometric modeling provides a useful and powerful method to constrain the properties of horizon-scale polarized emission, particularly for sparse arrays like the EHT. %B The Astrophysical Journal Letters %V 957 %P L21 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acff6f %0 Journal Article %J The Astrophysical Journal %D 2023 %T A Search for Pulsars around Sgr A* in the First Event Horizon Telescope Data Set %A Pablo Torne %A Kuo Liu %A Eatough, Ralph P. %A Jompoj Wongphechauxsorn %A James M. Cordes %A Desvignes, Gregory %A Mariafelicia De Laurentis %A et al. %X In 2017 the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at a frequency of 228.1 GHz (lambda = 1.3 mm). The fundamental physics tests that even a single pulsar orbiting Sgr A* would enable motivate searching for pulsars in EHT data sets. The high observing frequency means that pulsars-which typically exhibit steep emission spectra-are expected to be very faint. However, it also negates pulse scattering, an effect that could hinder pulsar detections in the Galactic center. Additionally, magnetars or a secondary inverse Compton emission could be stronger at millimeter wavelengths than at lower frequencies. We present a search for pulsars close to Sgr A* using the data from the three most sensitive stations in the EHT 2017 campaign: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, the Large Millimeter Telescope, and the IRAM 30 m Telescope. We apply three detection methods based on Fourier-domain analysis, the fast folding algorithm, and single-pulse searches targeting both pulsars and burst-like transient emission. We use the simultaneity of the observations to confirm potential candidates. No new pulsars or significant bursts were found. Being the first pulsar search ever carried out at such high radio frequencies, we detail our analysis methods and give a detailed estimation of the sensitivity of the search. We conclude that the EHT 2017 observations are only sensitive to a small fraction (less than or similar to 2.2%) of the pulsars that may exist close to Sgr A*, motivating further searches for fainter pulsars in the region. %B The Astrophysical Journal %V 959 %P 14 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf4f2 %0 Web Page %D 2023 %T Inquiry, Expanded %A Peter Galison %B In the Moment %G eng %U https://critinq.wordpress.com/2023/09/26/inquiry-expanded/ %0 Book Section %B Extension du domaine de la thermodynamique. Anatomie d'une controverse by Emanuel Bertrand %D 2023 %T Preface %A Peter Galison %B Extension du domaine de la thermodynamique. Anatomie d'une controverse by Emanuel Bertrand %I Classiques Garnier %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Nature Human Behaviour %D 2023 %T Big STEM collaborations should include humanities and social science %A Alexandru Marcoci %A Ann C. Thresher %A Niels C.M. Martens %A Peter Galison %A Doeleman, Sheperd S. %A Johnson, Michael D. %B Nature Human Behaviour %G eng %U https://rdcu.be/dknWM %0 Journal Article %J Galaxies %D 2023 %T Key Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope %A Johnson, Michael D. %A Akiyama, Kazunori %A Blackburn, Lindy %A Bouman, Katherine L. %A Broderick, Avery E. %A Cardoso, Vitor %A Fender, Rob P. %A et al. %X The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has led to the first images of a supermassive black hole, revealing the central compact objects in the elliptical galaxy M87 and the Milky Way. Proposed upgrades to this array through the next-generation EHT (ngEHT) program would sharply improve the angular resolution, dynamic range, and temporal coverage of the existing EHT observations. These improvements will uniquely enable a wealth of transformative new discoveries related to black hole science, extending from event-horizon-scale studies of strong gravity to studies of explosive transients to the cosmological growth and influence of supermassive black holes. Here, we present the key science goals for the ngEHT and their associated instrument requirements, both of which have been formulated through a multi-year international effort involving hundreds of scientists worldwide. %B Galaxies %V 11 %G eng %U https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/3/61 %N 3 %0 Film or Broadcast %D 2023 %T Dream of a Shadow %A Peter Galison %X My world was jolted by two shadow images: one, thrilling, the other terrifying. After a years-long effort—with 200 other scientists—we made the first image of a black hole, its shadow of no return. Then I fell into debilitating pain. A deadly shadow blot appeared on an MRI of my spine. Faced with emergency surgery and no assurance of success, I sought comfort in memory images from the past and, from collaborative work that engrossed me: images of the whole visible universe could be stored in light circling a black hole. It was a universal memory. An experimental back and forth between the innermost-personal and the astronomical, where shadows and consolation cross. %C USA %G eng %9 Film, 21 min. %0 Book Section %B The Routledge Companion to Photography, Representation and Social Justice %D 2023 %T Visualisation as a Political Act %A Peter Galison %A Moritz Neumüller %E Moritz Neumüller %B The Routledge Companion to Photography, Representation and Social Justice %I Routledge %C London %P 249–258 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Galaxies %D 2023 %T The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: History, Philosophy, and Culture %A Peter Galison %A Juliusz Doboszewski %A Jamee Elder %A Niels C.M. Martens %A Abhay Ashtekar %A Jonas Enander %A Marie Gueguen %A et al %XThis white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.
More than fifty years after his death, Albert Einstein's vital engagement with the world continues to inspire others, spurring conversations, projects, and research, in the sciences as well as the humanities. Einstein for the 21st Century shows us why he remains a figure of fascination.
In this wide-ranging collection, eminent artists, historians, scientists, and social scientists describe Einstein's influence on their work, and consider his relevance for the future. Scientists discuss how Einstein's vision continues to motivate them, whether in their quest for a fundamental description of nature or in their investigations in chaos theory; art scholars and artists explore his ties to modern aesthetics; a music historian probes Einstein's musical tastes and relates them to his outlook in science; historians explore the interconnections between Einstein's politics, physics, and philosophy; and other contributors examine his impact on the innovations of our time. Uniquely cross-disciplinary, Einstein for the 21st Century serves as a testament to his legacy and speaks to everyone with an interest in his work.
Available at: Amazon
%I Princeton University Press %C Princeton %G eng %0 Film or Broadcast %D 2008 %T Secrecy %A Peter Galison %A Robb Moss %G eng %U http://www.secrecyfilm.com/ %0 Book %D 2007 %T Τα ρολόγια του Αϊνστάιν, οι χάρτες του Πουανκαρέ, Οι αυτοκρατορίες του χρόνου %A Peter Galison %I Κάτοπτρο %C Athens %P 448 %G eng %0 Book %D 2007 %T Objektivität %A Lorraine Daston %A Peter Galison %I Suhrkamp Verlag AG %C Berlin %P 530 %G eng %0 Book %D 2007 %T Objectivity %A Lorraine Daston %A Peter Galison %XObjectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences — and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images.
From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences — from anatomy to crystallography — are those featured in scientific atlases: the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye: snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, even elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology.
As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity — or truth-to-nature or trained judgment — is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight. Objectivity is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity — and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.
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%I Zone Books %C New York %G eng %0 Book %D 2006 %T L'Empire du temps: Les horloges d'Einstein et les cartes de Poincaré %A Peter Galison %I Gallimard %C Paris %G eng %U https://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Folio/Folio-essais/L-empire-du-temps# %0 Book Section %B My Einstein: Essays by Twenty-four of the World's Leading Thinkers on the Man, His Work, and His Legacy %D 2006 %T Things and Thoughts %A Peter Galison %E John Brockman %B My Einstein: Essays by Twenty-four of the World's Leading Thinkers on the Man, His Work, and His Legacy %I Pantheon Books %C New York %P 143-150 %G eng %0 Book %D 2005 %T Relojes de Eintsein, mapas de Poincaré: Los imperios del tiempo %A Peter Galison %I Editorial Crítica %C Barcelona %G eng %U https://www.planetadelibros.com/libro-relojes-de-einstein-mapas-de-poncaire/16476 %0 Book %D 2005 %T Os relógios de Einstein e os mapas de Poincaré: Impérios do tempo %A Peter Galison %I Gradiva %C Lisbon %P 396 %G eng %U https://www.gradiva.pt/catalogo/14413/os-relogios-de-einstein-e-os-mapas-de-poincare %0 Book %D 2005 %T Einsteinovy hodiny a Poincarého mapy: říše času %A Peter Galison %I Mladá fronta %C Prague %P 328 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Collection, Laboratory, Theater %D 2005 %T Material Culture, Theoretical Culture, and Delocalization %A Peter Galison %E H. Schramm %E L. Schwarte %E J. Lazardizig %B Collection, Laboratory, Theater %I de Grutyer %C Berlin %P 490-506 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Instrumental in War: Science, Research, and Instruments Between Knowledge and the World %D 2005 %T Physics Between War and Peace %A Peter Galison %E Steven A. Walton %B Instrumental in War: Science, Research, and Instruments Between Knowledge and the World %I Brill %C Boston %P 363-403 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy %D 2005 %T Removing Knowledge %A Peter Galison %E Bruno Latour %E Peter Weibel %B Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy %I MIT Press %C Cambridge, MA %P 590-599 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy %D 2005 %T Wall of Silence %A Peter Galison %A Robb Moss %E Bruno Latour %E Peter Weibel %B Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy %I MIT Press %C Cambridge, MA %P 332-333 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Cahiers Parisiens %D 2005 %T Histoire du Dehors (French) %A Peter Galison %E Robert Morrissey %B Cahiers Parisiens %V 1 %P 419-436 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Human Rights in the 'War on Terror' %D 2005 %T Our Privacy, Ourselves in the Age of Technological Intrusions %A Peter Galison %A Martha Minow %B Human Rights in the 'War on Terror' %I Cambridge University Press %C Cambridge %P 258-294 %G eng %0 Book %D 2004 %T Gli orologi di Einstein, le mappe di Poincaré: imperi del tempo %A Peter Galison %I Raffaello Cortina Editore %C Milan %P 406 %G eng %U https://www.raffaellocortina.it/scheda-libro/peter-galison/gli-orologi-di-einstein-le-mappe-di-poincare-9788870789102-1018.html %0 Journal Article %J ISIS %D 2004 %T Introduction: Einstein 1905-2005 %A Peter Galison %B ISIS %V 95 %P 610-613 %G eng %N 4 %0 Book Section %B Analog/Digital-Opposition oder Kontinuum? %D 2004 %T Abbild und Logik: Zur apparativen Kultur der Teilchenphysik %A Peter Galison %E J. Schroter %E A. Bohnke %B Analog/Digital-Opposition oder Kontinuum? %I Transcript %C Bielefeld %P 355-372 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Social Research %D 2004 %T Author of Error %A Peter Galison %B Social Research %V 72 %P 63-76 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Growing explanations: Historical perspectives on recent science %D 2004 %T Mirror symmetry: persons, values, and objects %A Peter Galison %B Growing explanations: Historical perspectives on recent science %I Duke University Press %C Durham %P 23-63 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science %D 2004 %T Image of Self %A Peter Galison %E Lorraine Daston %B Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science %I Zone Books %C New York %P 257-296 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Critical Inquiry %D 2004 %T Removing Knowledge %A Peter Galison %B Critical Inquiry %V 31 %P 229-243 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Critical Inquiry %D 2004 %T Specific Theory %A Peter Galison %B Critical Inquiry %V 30 %P 379-383 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Kunstkammer, Laboratorium, Bilhne %D 2003 %T Materielle Kultur, Theoretische Kultur und Delokalisierung %A Peter Galison %E H. Schramm %E L. Schwarte %E J. Lazardig %B Kunstkammer, Laboratorium, Bilhne %I de Grutyer %C Berlin %P 501-520 %G eng %0 Book %D 2003 %T Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science %E Peter Galison %E Mario Biagioli %I Routledge %C New York %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Cabinet %D 2003 %T The Ontology of the Enemy: An Interview with Peter Galison %A Peter Galison %A Sina Najafi %B Cabinet %G eng %U http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/12/najafi2.php %N 12 %0 Book Section %B Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science %D 2003 %T The Collective Author %A Peter Galison %E Peter Galison %E Mario Biagioli %B Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science %I Routledge %C New York and Oxford %P 325-353 %G eng %0 Book %D 2003 %T Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps %A Peter Galison %X A dramatic new account of the parallel quests to harness time that culminated in the revolutionary science of relativity, Einstein's Clocks, Poincaré's Maps is "part history, part science, part adventure, part biography, part meditation on the meaning of modernity....In Galison's telling of science, the meters and wires and epoxy and solder come alive as characters, along with physicists, engineers, technicians and others....Galison has unearthed fascinating material" (New York Times).
Clocks and trains, telegraphs and colonial conquest: the challenges of the late nineteenth century were an indispensable real-world background to the enormous theoretical breakthrough of relativity. And two giants at the foundations of modern science were converging, step-by-step, on the answer: Albert Einstein, an young, obscure German physicist experimenting with measuring time using telegraph networks and with the coordination of clocks at train stations; and the renowned mathematician Henri Poincaré, president of the French Bureau of Longitude, mapping time coordinates across continents. Each found that to understand the newly global world, he had to determine whether there existed a pure time in which simultaneity was absolute or whether time was relative.
Esteemed historian of science Peter Galison has culled new information from rarely seen photographs, forgotten patents, and unexplored archives to tell the fascinating story of two scientists whose concrete, professional preoccupations engaged them in a silent race toward a theory that would conquer the empire of time.
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%I W.W. Norton %C New York %G eng %0 Book %D 2002 %T Ainsi s'achèvent les expériences: La place des expériences dans la physique du XXe siècle %A Peter Galison %I La Décourverte %C Paris %G eng %U https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/ainsi_s_achevent_les_experiences-9782707135605 %0 Book Section %B Iconoclash: Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion, and Art %D 2002 %T Images Scatter into Data, Data Gather into Images %A Peter Galison %B Iconoclash: Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion, and Art %I MIT Press %C Cambridge %G eng %0 Book Section %B It Must be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science %D 2002 %T The Sextant Equation: E=mc2 %A Peter Galison %E Graham Farmelo %B It Must be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science %I Granta Books %C New York %P 28-46 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Liam Gillick, Sarah Morris, Bridget Riley, Matthew Ritchie %D 2001 %T Theories and the Dead / Theorien und Tote %A Peter Galison %A Caroline A. Jones %B Liam Gillick, Sarah Morris, Bridget Riley, Matthew Ritchie %I Parkett-Verl %C Zürich %P 148-161 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Parkett %D 2001 %T Theories and the Dead: Review of Damien Hirst/Gagosian; Matthew Ritchie/Andrea Rosen %A Peter Galison %A Caroline A. Jones %B Parkett %V 61 %P 148-154 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Greyroom %D 2001 %T War Against the Center %A Peter Galison %B Greyroom %V 4 %P 6-33 %G eng %0 Book %D 2001 %T Science in Culture %E Peter Galison %E S. Graubard %E E. Mendelsohn %I Transaction Publishers (Reprint from Daedalus Winter 1998) %C New Brunswick, NJ %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Pragmatist Imagination: Thinking About "Things in the Making" %D 2000 %T Pragmatism at War %A Peter Galison %E Joan Ockman %B The Pragmatist Imagination: Thinking About "Things in the Making" %I Princeton Architectural Press %C Princeton, NJ %P 148-155 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %D 2000 %T Introduction %A Peter Galison %E Peter Galison %E Alex Roland %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %I Springer Dordecht %C Boston %P vii-xvi %G eng %0 Book Section %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %D 2000 %T An Accident of History %A Peter Galison %E Peter Galison %E Alex Roland %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %I Springer Dordecht %C Boston %P 3-43 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Representations %D 2000 %T The Suppressed Drawing: Paul Dirac's Hidden Geometry %A Peter Galison %B Representations %P 145-166 %G eng %U https://www.jstor.org/stable/2902912?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents %N 72 %0 Book Section %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %D 2000 %T Accident of History %A Peter Galison %E Peter Galison %E Alex Roland %B Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology %I Kluwer Academic %C Dordrecht/Boston %P 3-43 %G eng %0 Book Section %B The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact of on the Issue of Scientific Realism %D 2000 %T Random Philosophy %A Peter Galison %E Evandro Agazzi %E Massimo Pauri %B The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact of on the Issue of Scientific Realism %I Kluwer Academic %C Dordrecht/Boston %P 123-128 %G eng %0 Book %D 2000 %T Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century %E Peter Galison %E Alex Roland %I Kluwer Academic Publishers %C Dordrecht %G eng %0 Book Section %B Humanities and the Sciences %D 2000 %T Objectivity is Romantic %A Peter Galison %E Jerome Friedman %E Peter Galison %E Susan Haack %B Humanities and the Sciences %I ACLS %P 15-43 %G eng %0 Film or Broadcast %D 2000 %T Ultimate Weapon %A Peter Galison %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Metascience %D 1999 %T Author's Response %A Peter Galison %B Metascience %V 8 %P 356-404 %G eng %0 Book %D 1999 %T The Architecture of Science %E Peter Galison %E Emily Ann Thompson %I The MIT Press %C Cambridge %G eng %U https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262526456/the-architecture-of-science/ %0 Book Section %B The Science Studies Reader %D 1999 %T Trading Zone: Coordinating Action and Belief (1998 abridgment) %A Peter Galison %E Mario Biagioli %B The Science Studies Reader %I Routledge %P 137-160 %G eng %0 Book Section %B Picturing Science, Producing Art %D 1998 %T Judgment Against Objectivity %A Peter Galison %E Caroline A. Jones %E Peter Galison %B Picturing Science, Producing Art %I Routledge %C New York %P 327-359 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics %D 1998 %T Feynman's War: Modeling Weapons, Modeling Nature %A Peter Galison %B Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics %V 29 %P 391-434 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics %D 1998 %T Introduction: Cultures of Theory %A Peter Galison %A Andrew Warwick %B Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics %V 29 %P 287-294 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Daedalus %D 1998 %T The Americanization of Unity %A Peter Galison %B Daedalus %V 12 %P 45-71 %G eng %N 7 %0 Book %D 1998 %T Picturing Science, Producing Art %E Caroline A. Jones %E Peter Galison %X Between the disciplines of art history and the history of science lies a growing field of inquiry into what science and art share as both image-making and knowledge-producing activities. The contributors of Picturing Science, Producing Art occupy this intermediate zone to analyze both scientific and aesthetic representations, utilizing disciplinary perspectives that range from art history to sociology, history and philosophy of science to gender studies, cultural history to the philosophy of mind. Organized in five sites--Styles, The Body, Seeing Wonders, Objectivity/Subjectivity, and Cultures of Vision--their topics extend from Cinquecento theories of female reproduction to the technologies of cloning, from medieval depictions of the stigmata to electrical metaphors for sex, from astronomical drawings to radioencephalography, from Phoenician griffons carved in ivory to factories cast in concrete. The internationally renowned contributors go beyond both science wars and culture wars by exploring substantive links between systems of visual representation and knowledge in science and art. %I Routledge %C New York %G eng %U https://www.routledge.com/Picturing-Science-Producing-Art/Galison-Jones/p/book/9780415919128 %0 Magazine Article %D 1997 %T Marietta Blau: Between Nazis and Nuclei %A Peter Galison %B Physics Today %V 50 %P 42-48 %G eng %N 11 %0 Book Section %B Science in the Twentieth Century %D 1997 %T Material Culture, Theoretical Culture, and Delocalization %A Peter Galison %E John Krige %E Dominique Pestre %B Science in the Twentieth Century %I Harwood %C Amsterdam %P 669-682 %G eng %0 Book %D 1997 %T Image and Logic %A Peter Galison %X Image and Logic is the most detailed engagement to date with the impact of modern technology on what it means to "do" physics and to be a physicist. At the beginning of this century, physics was usually done by a lone researcher who put together experimental apparatus on a benchtop. Now experiments frequently are larger than a city block, and experimental physicists live very different lives: programming computers, working with industry, coordinating vast teams of scientists and engineers, and playing politics.
Peter L. Galison probes the material culture of experimental microphysics to reveal how the ever-increasing scale and complexity of apparatus have distanced physicists from the very science that drew them into experimenting, and have fragmented microphysics into different technical traditions much as apparatus have fragmented atoms to get at the fundamental building blocks of matter. At the same time, the necessity for teamwork in operating multimillion-dollar machines has created dynamic "trading zones," where instrument makers, theorists, and experimentalists meet, share knowledge, and coordinate the extraordinarily diverse pieces of the culture of modern microphysics: work, machines, evidence, and argument.
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%I University of Chicago Press %C Chicago %G eng %0 Book %D 1996 %T The Disunity of Science: Contexts, Boundaries, and Power %E Peter Galison %E David J. Stump %I Stanford University Press %C Stanford %G eng %0 Book Section %B Laws of Nature: Essays on the Philosophic, Scientific, and Historical Dimensions %D 1995 %T Theory Bound and Unbound: Superstrings and Experiments %A Peter Galison %B Laws of Nature: Essays on the Philosophic, Scientific, and Historical Dimensions %I Walter de Gruyter %C Berlin and New York %P 369-408 %G eng %0 Magazine Article %D 1993 %T Mr. Cogito %A Peter Galison %B The New Republic %V 214 %G eng %N 20 %0 Journal Article %J Representations %D 1992 %T The image of objectivity %A Lorraine Daston %A Peter Galison %B Representations %P 81-128 %G eng %N 40 %0 Book %D 1992 %T Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research. %E Peter Galison %E B. Hevly %I Stanford University Press %C Stanford %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Critical Inquiry %D 1990 %T Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism %A Peter Galison %B Critical Inquiry %V 16 %P 709-752 %G eng %N 4 %0 Journal Article %J Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences %D 1989 %T In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952-1954 %A Peter L. Galison %A Barton Bernstein %B Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences %V 19 %P 267-347 %G eng %U https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757627 %N 2 %0 Book Section %B Report of the HEPAP Subpanel on Future Modes of Experimental Research in High Energy Physics, July 1988 %D 1988 %T The Evolution of Large-Scale Research in Physics %A Peter Galison %B Report of the HEPAP Subpanel on Future Modes of Experimental Research in High Energy Physics, July 1988 %I U. S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research, Division of High Energy Physics %C Washington, D. C. %P 79-94 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The Journal of Philosophy %D 1988 %T Philosophy in the Laboratory %A Peter L. Galison %B The Journal of Philosophy %V 85 %P 525-527 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026811 %N 10 %0 Journal Article %J Science in Context %D 1988 %T History, Philosophy, and the Central Metaphor %A Peter L. Galison %B Science in Context %V 2 %P 197-212 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J The Journal of Philosophy %D 1988 %T Philosophy in the Laboratory %A Peter Galison %B The Journal of Philosophy %V 85 %P 525-527 %G eng %U http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026811 %N 10 %0 Book %D 1987 %T How Experiments End %A Peter Galison %I University of Chicago Press %C Chicago %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Isis %D 1986 %T Review of Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science by Ian Hacking %A Peter Galison %B Isis %V 77 %P 118-120 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of American History %D 1983 %T Review of The Rise of Robert Millikan: Portrait of a Life in American Science, by Robert H. Kargon %A Peter Galison %B Journal of American History %V 69 %P 1028-1029 %G eng %U https://doi.org/10.2307/1901283 %N 4 %0 Thesis %B History of Science (I); Physics (II) %D 1983 %T I. How Experiments End: Three Case Studies of the Interaction of Experiment and Theory in Twentieth-Century Physics; II. Large Weak Isospin and the W Mass %A Peter Galison %B History of Science (I); Physics (II) %G eng %9 PhD thesis %0 Book Section %B Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories %D 1983 %T Re-reading the Past from the End of Physics: Maxwell's Equations in Retrospect %A Peter Galison %E Loren Graham %E Wolf Lepenies %E Peter Weingart %B Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories %I D. Reidel Publishing %C Dordrecht %P 35-51 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science %D 1981 %T Kuhn and the Quantum Controversy: A Review of Black Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894-1912, by Thomas S. Kuhn %A Peter L. Galison %B The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science %V 32 %P 71-85 %G eng %0 Thesis %D 1977 %T Minkowski's Space-Time: From Visual Thinking to the Absolute World %A Peter Galison %G eng %9 PhD Thesis