@article {1814591,
	title = {Fundamental Physics Opportunities with the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope},
	year = {Working Paper},
	abstract = {The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration recently published the first images of the supermassive black holes in the cores of the Messier 87 and Milky Way galaxies. These observations have provided a new means to study supermassive black holes and probe physical processes occurring in the strong-field regime. We review the prospects of future observations and theoretical studies of supermassive black hole systems with the next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT), which will greatly enhance the capabilities of the existing EHT array. These enhancements will open up several previously inaccessible avenues of investigation, thereby providing important new insights into the properties of supermassive black holes and their environments. This review describes the current state of knowledge for five key science cases, summarising the unique challenges and opportunities for fundamental physics investigations that the ngEHT will enable.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2312.02130}
}
@conference {1812686,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) cryocooling instrument},
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {
	The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a space-VLBI mission that will extend the Event Horizon Telescope into space. The cryogenic receivers must be cooled down to 4.5K. A cryogenic system consisting of two Stirling cryocoolers and a Joule-Thomson cooler has been explored which consists of a 20K and a 4.5K cold stage in order to cool a combined heat load of approximately 250mW. The integration challenges of the cryocooling system with the receivers and broader instrument are explored, where power, mass, and thermal challenges require careful considerations and trade-off. This study presents a feasible cryocooling design that reaches the cold temperature requirements of the BHEX instrument.

},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-BHEX-cryocooling-instrument/13092-198},
	author = {Hannah Rana and Akiyama, Kazunori and Freeman, Mark and Peter Galison and Paul K. Grimes and Hada, Kazuhiro and Honma, Mareki and et al}
}
@conference {1812676,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: using the photon ring to visualize spacetime around the black hole },
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {
	The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), is an orbiting, multi-band, millimeter radio-telescope, in hybrid combination with millimeter terrestrial radio-telescopes, designed to discover and measure the thin photon ring around the supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A*. In order to guide the mission design for the BHEX instruments, this paper explores various aspects of the photon ring, like the spin-induced changes to its shape, or the intricate flow of light around a spinning black hole, by tracking, through visual simulations, photons as they course along geodesics. Ultimately, the aim of these visualizations is to advance the foundational aims of the EHE instrument, and through this experiment to articulate spacetime geometry via the photon ring.

},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--using-the-photon-ring-to/13092-195},
	author = {Peter Galison and Alexandru Lupsasca and Michael Johnson}
}
@conference {1812671,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: detecting the photon ring and measuring its shape },
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {
	The photon ring is a narrow ring-shaped feature (predicted by general relativity, but not yet observed) that appears in black hole images. It is caused by the extreme bending of light within a few Schwarzschild radii of the event horizon and provides a direct probe of the unstable bound photon orbits of the Kerr black hole geometry. The precise shape of the observable photon ring is remarkably insensitive to the details of the astronomical source and can therefore be used as a precise probe of strong-field gravity. The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a proposed space-based experiment targeting the supermassive black holes M87* and Sgr A* with radio-interferometric observations at frequencies of 86 through 345 GHz and from an orbital distance of ~40,000km. We forecast that its design will enable a measurement of the photon rings around M87* and Sgr A* and confirm the Kerr nature of these two sources.

},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--detecting-the-photon-ring-and/13092-194},
	author = {Alexandru Lupsasca and Alejandro C{\'a}rdenas-Avenda{\~n}o and Samuel E. Gralla and Marrone, Daniel P. and Michael Johnson and Daniel C. Palumbo and Tiede, Paul and Peter Galison}
}
@conference {1812666,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: operating a hybrid observatory },
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {
	We present a baseline science operations plan for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a space mission concept aiming to confirm the existence of the predicted sharp {\textquotedblleft}photon ring{\textquotedblright} resulting from strongly lensed photon trajectories around black holes, as predicted by general relativity, and to measure its size and shape to determine the black hole{\textquoteright}s spin. The BHEX radio antenna will co-observe with a ground-based very long baseline interferometric (VLBI) array, providing unprecedented high resolution with the extension to space that will enable photon ring detection and studies of active galactic nuclei. Here we outline the concept of operations for the hybrid observatory coordinating both a VLBI network and an optical downlink terminal network, the available observing modes, the proposal and observation planning process, and data delivery to achieve the BHEX mission goals and meet mission requirements.

},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-operating-a-hybrid-observatory/13092-193},
	author = {Issaoun, Sara and Janice Houston and Jade Wang and Kim Alonso and Marrone, Daniel P. and Alexander Plavin and Robert Lafon and et al}
}
@conference {1812656,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: instrument system overview },
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {
	We describe the baseline design of the science instrument for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept currently in the formulation phase. BHEX will study supermassive black holes to understand fundamental physics, black hole jets, and the growth of black holes in galaxies. By co-observing with ground radio telescopes, BHEX will achieve 3-5 micro-arcsecond resolution from a distance of ~40,000 km. Observations will be conducted in two simultaneous bands between 80-350GHz, using an on-board low-power, low-mass ultra-stable oscillator as the master frequency reference, and the digitized data will be transmitted to the ground through an ultra-wide bandwidth laser downlink.

},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-instrument-system-overview/13092-93},
	author = {Marrone, Daniel P. and Akiyama, Kazunori and Blackburn, Lindy and Bryan C. Bilyeu and Don Boroson and Edgar R. Canavan and Dave Caplan and et al}
}
@conference {1812646,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: astrophysics mission concept engineering study report},
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {The Black Hole Explorer: (BHEX) is a space mission to image radio emissions of black holes by expanding both the baseline and time resolution of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). This involves integrating a space telescope into an array of ground telescopes, such as the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). Ultimately, the EHE will enable transformative science and the mission goals are well aligned with the Astro 2020 Decadal Survey. The EHE mission concept study was designed with three major stages: (1) a Science Study which articulates plausible goals and objectives (2) an Engineering Study which articulates overall feasi- bility and technological readiness and (3) a Mission Architecture Study which combines the results of the previous studies to match achievable science goals and objectives with feasible engineering to yield a plausible mission architecture. This paper review the initial steps taken under stage two of the EHE project.},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer--astrophysics-mission-concept-engineering-study/13092-92},
	author = {Peretz, Eliad and Peter Kurczynski and Michael Johnson and Janice Houston and Tirupati Kumara Sridharan and Jade Wang and Peter Galison and et al}
}
@conference {1812641,
	title = {The Japanese Vision for the Black Hole Explorer Mission },
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {The Black Hole Explorer (BHEX) is a next-generation space very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) mission concept that will extend the ground-based Event Horizon Telescope into space. The Japanese community is poised to make major contributions to the mission, ranging from science to mission-critical instrumentation. Here we present the Japanese vision for the mission. A potential major technical contribution is providing key components for its sensitive tri-band receiving system, including SIS mixers at 230 and 345 GHz and a space-qualified multi-stage 4.5K cryocooler similar to that on JAXA{\textquoteright}s Hitomi and XRISM satellites. The Japanese community envisions broad science cases spanning from various black hole physics/astrophysics explored with VLBI to molecular universe explored by the potential single-dish observing mode at radio frequencies to be explored for the first time with the BHEX mission.},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Japanese-Vision-for-the-Black-Hole-Explorer-Mission/13092-91},
	author = {Akiyama, Kazunori and Hada, Kazuhiro and Kotaro Niinuma and Akihiro Doi and Peter Galison and Yoshiaki Hagiwara and Aya Higuchi and et al}
}
@conference {1812631,
	title = {The Black Hole Explorer: motivation and vision},
	booktitle = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2024: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {In Preparation},
	address = {Yokohama, Japan},
	abstract = {We present the motivation and vision for the Black Hole Explorer (BHEX), a mission that will extend submillimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) to space. BHEX, currently under formulation for a NASA Small Explorer mission, will discover and measure the bright and narrow {\textquotedblleft}photon ring{\textquotedblright} that is predicted to exist in images of black holes, will reveal the processes that drive supermassive black hole creation and growth, and will connect supermassive black holes to their relativistic jets.},
	url = {https://spie.org/astronomical-telescopes-instrumentation/presentation/The-Black-Hole-Explorer-motivation-and-vision/13092-90},
	author = {Michael Johnson and Akiyama, Kazunori and Rebecca Baturin and Bryan Bilyeu and Blackburn, Lindy and Don Boroson and Alejandro C{\'a}rdenas-Avenda{\~n}o and et al}
}
@inbook {1809436,
	title = {Foucault and Positivism},
	booktitle = {The Foucauldian Mind},
	year = {In Preparation},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Daniele Lorenzini}
}
@inbook {1696686,
	title = {Anti-Epistemology: Ignorance by Law},
	booktitle = {Agnotology: The New Science of Creating and Preventing Ignorance},
	year = {Submitted},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	organization = {Stanford University Press},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1664810,
	title = {Invisibilities: Seeing and Unseeing the Anthropocene},
	year = {Submitted},
	publisher = {Zone Books},
	organization = {Zone Books},
	author = {Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones}
}
@inbook {1814806,
	title = {Tests of General Relativity: Intercalation, Expansion, Articulation},
	booktitle = {One Hundred Years of Testing Einstein},
	year = {Forthcoming},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Brian Odom and Daniel Kennefick}
}
@article {1814581,
	title = {Ordered magnetic fields around the 3C 84 central black hole},
	journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
	volume = {682},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {L3},
	abstract = {
	Context.\&nbsp;3C 84 is a nearby radio source with a complex total intensity structure, showing linear polarisation and spectral patterns. A detailed investigation of the central engine region necessitates the use of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) above the hitherto available maximum frequency of 86 GHz.



	Aims.\&nbsp;Using ultrahigh resolution VLBI observations at the currently highest available frequency of 228 GHz, we aim to perform a direct detection of compact structures and understand the physical conditions in the compact region of 3C 84.



	Methods.\&nbsp;We used Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 228 GHz observations and, given the limited (u, v)-coverage, applied geometric model fitting to the data. Furthermore, we employed quasi-simultaneously observed, ancillary multi-frequency VLBI data for the source in order to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the core structure.



	Results.\&nbsp;We report the detection of a highly ordered, strong magnetic field around the central, supermassive black hole of 3C 84. The brightness temperature analysis suggests that the system is in equipartition. We also determined a turnover frequency of\&nbsp;νm = (113 {\textpm} 4) GHz, a corresponding synchrotron self-absorbed magnetic field of\&nbsp;BSSA = (2.9 {\textpm} 1.6) G, and an equipartition magnetic field of\&nbsp;Beq = (5.2 {\textpm} 0.6) G. Three components are resolved with the highest fractional polarisation detected for this object (mnet = (17.0 {\textpm} 3.9)\%). The positions of the components are compatible with those seen in low-frequency VLBI observations since 2017{\textendash}2018. We report a steeply negative slope of the spectrum at 228 GHz. We used these findings to test existing models of jet formation, propagation, and Faraday rotation in 3C 84.



	Conclusions.\&nbsp;The findings of our investigation into different flow geometries and black hole spins support an advection-dominated accretion flow in a magnetically arrested state around a rapidly rotating supermassive black hole as a model of the jet-launching system in the core of 3C 84. However, systematic uncertainties due to the limited (u, v)-coverage, however, cannot be ignored. Our upcoming work using new EHT data, which offer full imaging capabilities, will shed more light on the compact region of 3C 84.



	Key words:\&nbsp;techniques: high angular resolution / techniques: interferometric / galaxies: active / galaxies: individual: NGC 1275 / galaxies: jets

},
	url = {https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/02/aa48308-23/aa48308-23.html},
	author = {Georgios Filippos Paraschos and Jae-Yong Kim and Maciek Wielgus and Jan R{\"o}der and Krichbaum, Thomas P. and Ros, Eduardo and Iv{\'a}n Agudo and et al}
}
@article {1812756,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VIII. Physical Interpretation of the Polarized Ring},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {964},
	number = {2},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {L26},
	abstract = {In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24\%{\textendash}28\%, peaking at \~{}40\%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ≈46{\textdegree} {\textpm} 12{\textdegree} rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150{\textdegree}. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow.},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df1},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1812746,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VII. Polarization of the Ring},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal LEtters},
	volume = {964},
	number = {2},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {L25},
	abstract = {The Event Horizon Telescope observed the horizon-scale synchrotron emission region around the Galactic center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), in 2017. These observations revealed a bright, thick ring morphology with a diameter of 51.8 {\textpm} 2.3 μas and modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry, consistent with the expected appearance of a black hole with mass M ≈ 4 {\texttimes} 106 M ⊙. From these observations, we present the first resolved linear and circular polarimetric images of Sgr A*. The linear polarization images demonstrate that the emission ring is highly polarized, exhibiting a prominent spiral electric vector polarization angle pattern with a peak fractional polarization of \~{}40\% in the western portion of the ring. The circular polarization images feature a modestly (\~{}5\%{\textendash}10\%) polarized dipole structure along the emission ring, with negative circular polarization in the western region and positive circular polarization in the eastern region, although our methods exhibit stronger disagreement than for linear polarization. We analyze the data using multiple independent imaging and modeling methods, each of which is validated using a standardized suite of synthetic data sets. While the detailed spatial distribution of the linear polarization along the ring remains uncertain owing to the intrinsic variability of the source, the spiraling polarization structure is robust to methodological choices. The degree and orientation of the linear polarization provide stringent constraints for the black hole and its surrounding magnetic fields, which we discuss in an accompanying publication.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@film {1809411,
	title = {Light at the Edge of the Universe: The Black Hole Explorer},
	year = {2024},
	address = {USA},
	abstract = {
	Around the horizon of a black hole, an edge of the universe, light is captured, spun into orbit by the black hole{\textquoteright}s powerful gravitational pull. Lying within the orange donut in the famous first image of a black hole, this {\textquotedblleft}photon ring{\textquotedblright} would be a prize to measure{\textemdash}it would reveal the nature of spacetime itself, directly, near the horizon. Indeed, the shape of this pure ring of light tells everything about the black hole. With the stakes this high, a new collaboration{\textemdash}physicists, astronomers, engineers from around the world{\textemdash}has formed to loft a spacecraft that capture the photon ring. We are at the beginning of what is probably a ten-year effort{\textemdash}this is a film about the start of that adventure.



	A film by Peter Galison, Michael Johnson, and Chyld King

},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lPTg0QE5PHI},
	author = {Peter Galison and Chyld King and Johnson, Michael D.}
}
@article {1808961,
	title = {The persistent shadow of the supermassive black hole of M 87 - I. Observations, calibration, imaging, and analysis},
	journal = {Astronomy \& Astrophysics},
	volume = {681},
	year = {2024},
	pages = {A79},
	abstract = {In April 2019, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration reported the first-ever event-horizon-scale images of a black hole, resolving the central compact radio source in the giant elliptical galaxy M 87. These images reveal a ring with a southerly brightness distribution and a diameter of \~{}42 μas, consistent with the predicted size and shape of a shadow produced by the gravitationally lensed emission around a supermassive black hole. These results were obtained as part of the April 2017 EHT observation campaign, using a global very long baseline interferometric radio array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here, we present results based on the second EHT observing campaign, taking place in April 2018 with an improved array, wider frequency coverage, and increased bandwidth. In particular, the additional baselines provided by the Greenland telescope improved the coverage of the array. Multiyear EHT observations provide independent snapshots of the horizon-scale emission, allowing us to confirm the persistence, size, and shape of the black hole shadow, and constrain the intrinsic structural variability of the accretion flow. We have confirmed the presence of an asymmetric ring structure, brighter in the southwest, with a median diameter of as. The diameter of the 2018 ring is remarkably consistent with the diameter obtained from the previous 2017 observations. On the other hand, the position angle of the brightness asymmetry in 2018 is shifted by about 30{\textdegree} relative to 2017. The perennial persistence of the ring and its diameter robustly support the interpretation that the ring is formed by lensed emission surrounding a Kerr black hole with a mass \~{}6.5 {\texttimes} 10\&lt;sup\&gt;9\&lt;sup/\&gt; \&lt;i\&gt;M\&lt;i/\&gt;\&lt;sub\&gt;⊙\&lt;sub/\&gt;. The significant change in the ring brightness asymmetry implies a spin axis that is more consistent with the position angle of the large-scale jet.},
	url = {https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2024/01/aa47932-23/aa47932-23.html},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al}
}
@webarticle {1816676,
	title = {COSMOS Project Interview with Prof. Peter Galison},
	journal = {COSMOS: History and Philosophy of Cosmology Network},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {Dr. Marco Forgione (University of Milan), COSMOS team member,\&nbsp;interviewed Prof. Peter Galison\&nbsp;(Harvard University) in occasion of the event {\textquotedblleft}Photographs from Outer Space{\textquotedblright}},
	url = {https://cosmosproject.unimi.it/en/2024/01/10/interview-with-prof-peter-galison/},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1809201,
	title = {The Event Horizon Telescope Image of the Quasar NRAO 530},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
	volume = {943},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {170},
	abstract = {We report on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530 with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) on 2017 April 5-7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. At z = 0.902, this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. We reconstruct the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an unprecedented angular resolution of similar to 20 mu as, both in total intensity and in linear polarization (LP). We do not detect source variability, allowing us to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which we associate with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of similar to 5\%-8\%, and it has a substructure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 mu as along a position angle similar to -28 degrees. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of LP, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field. Future EHT observations will probe the variability of the jet structure on microarcsecond scales, while simultaneous multiwavelength monitoring will provide insight into the high-energy emission origin.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acaea8},
	author = {Svetlana Jorstad and Maciek Wielgus and Rocco Lico and Issaoun, Sara and Broderick, Avery E. and Pesce, Dominic W. and Liu, Jun and et al.}
}
@article {1809196,
	title = {Comparison of Polarized Radiative Transfer Codes Used by the EHT Collaboration},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
	volume = {950},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {35},
	abstract = {Interpretation of resolved polarized images of black holes by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) requires predictions of the polarized emission observable by an Earth-based instrument for a particular model of the black hole accretion system. Such predictions are generated by general relativistic radiative transfer (GRRT) codes, which integrate the equations of polarized radiative transfer in curved spacetime. A selection of ray-tracing GRRT codes used within the EHT Collaboration is evaluated for accuracy and consistency in producing a selection of test images, demonstrating that the various methods and implementations of radiative transfer calculations are highly consistent. When imaging an analytic accretion model, we find that all codes produce images similar within a pixel-wise normalized mean squared error (NMSE) of 0.012 in the worst case. When imaging a snapshot from a cell-based magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we find all test images to be similar within NMSEs of 0.02, 0.04, 0.04, and 0.12 in Stokes I, Q, U, and V, respectively. We additionally find the values of several image metrics relevant to published EHT results to be in agreement to much better precision than measurement uncertainties.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc586},
	author = {Prather, Ben S. and Dexter, Jason and Moscibrodzka, Monika and Pu, Hung-Yi and Thomas Bronzwaer and Davelaar, Jordy and Younsi, Ziri and et al.}
}
@article {1809191,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IX. Detection of Near-horizon Circular Polarization},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {957},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {L20},
	abstract = {Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (divided by v divided by \&gt; \&lt; 3.7\%), consistent with the low image-integrated circular polarization fraction measured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (divided by v(int)divided by \&lt; 1\%). Despite this broad agreement, the methods show substantial variation in the morphology of the circularly polarized emission, indicating that our conclusions are strongly dependent on the imaging assumptions because of the limited baseline coverage, uncertain telescope gain calibration, and weakly polarized signal. We include this upper limit in an updated comparison to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation models. This analysis reinforces the previously reported preference for magnetically arrested accretion flow models. We find that most simulations naturally produce a low level of circular polarization consistent with our upper limit and that Faraday conversion is likely the dominant production mechanism for circular polarization at 230 GHz in M87*.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acff70},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1809186,
	title = {Polarimetric Geometric Modeling for mm-VLBI Observations of Black Holes},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {957},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {L21},
	abstract = {The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a millimeter very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that has imaged the apparent shadows of the supermassive black holes M87* and Sagittarius A*. Polarimetric data from these observations contain a wealth of information on the black hole and accretion flow properties. In this work, we develop polarimetric geometric modeling methods for mm-VLBI data, focusing on approaches that fit data products with differing degrees of invariance to broad classes of calibration errors. We establish a fitting procedure using a polarimetric "m-ring" model to approximate the image structure near a black hole. By fitting this model to synthetic EHT data from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic models, we show that the linear and circular polarization structure can be successfully approximated with relatively few model parameters. We then fit this model to EHT observations of M87* taken in 2017. In total intensity and linear polarization, the m-ring fits are consistent with previous results from imaging methods. In circular polarization, the m-ring fits indicate the presence of event-horizon-scale circular polarization structure, with a persistent dipolar asymmetry and orientation across several days. The same structure was recovered independently of observing band, used data products, and model assumptions. Despite this broad agreement, imaging methods do not produce similarly consistent results. Our circular polarization results, which imposed additional assumptions on the source structure, should thus be interpreted with some caution. Polarimetric geometric modeling provides a useful and powerful method to constrain the properties of horizon-scale polarized emission, particularly for sparse arrays like the EHT.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/acff6f},
	author = {Roelofs, Freek and Johnson, Michael D. and Chael, Andrew and Michael Janssen and Maciek Wielgus and Broderick, Avery E. and Akiyama, Kazunori and et al.}
}
@article {1809181,
	title = {A Search for Pulsars around Sgr A* in the First Event Horizon Telescope Data Set},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
	volume = {959},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {14},
	abstract = {In 2017 the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observed the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), at a frequency of 228.1 GHz (lambda = 1.3 mm). The fundamental physics tests that even a single pulsar orbiting Sgr A* would enable motivate searching for pulsars in EHT data sets. The high observing frequency means that pulsars-which typically exhibit steep emission spectra-are expected to be very faint. However, it also negates pulse scattering, an effect that could hinder pulsar detections in the Galactic center. Additionally, magnetars or a secondary inverse Compton emission could be stronger at millimeter wavelengths than at lower frequencies. We present a search for pulsars close to Sgr A* using the data from the three most sensitive stations in the EHT 2017 campaign: the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, the Large Millimeter Telescope, and the IRAM 30 m Telescope. We apply three detection methods based on Fourier-domain analysis, the fast folding algorithm, and single-pulse searches targeting both pulsars and burst-like transient emission. We use the simultaneity of the observations to confirm potential candidates. No new pulsars or significant bursts were found. Being the first pulsar search ever carried out at such high radio frequencies, we detail our analysis methods and give a detailed estimation of the sensitivity of the search. We conclude that the EHT 2017 observations are only sensitive to a small fraction (less than or similar to 2.2\%) of the pulsars that may exist close to Sgr A*, motivating further searches for fainter pulsars in the region.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acf4f2},
	author = {Pablo Torne and Kuo Liu and Eatough, Ralph P. and Jompoj Wongphechauxsorn and James M. Cordes and Desvignes, Gregory and Mariafelicia De Laurentis and et al.}
}
@webarticle {1759496,
	title = {Inquiry, Expanded},
	journal = {In the Moment},
	year = {2023},
	url = {https://critinq.wordpress.com/2023/09/26/inquiry-expanded/},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1730491,
	title = {Preface},
	booktitle = {Extension du domaine de la thermodynamique. Anatomie d{\textquoteright}une controverse by Emanuel Bertrand},
	year = {2023},
	publisher = {Classiques Garnier},
	organization = {Classiques Garnier},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1696691,
	title = {Big STEM collaborations should include humanities and social science},
	journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
	year = {2023},
	url = {https://rdcu.be/dknWM},
	author = {Alexandru Marcoci and Ann C. Thresher and Niels C.M. Martens and Peter Galison and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Johnson, Michael D.}
}
@article {1666462,
	title = {Key Science Goals for the Next-Generation Event Horizon Telescope},
	journal = {Galaxies},
	volume = {11},
	number = {3},
	year = {2023},
	abstract = {The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) has led to the first images of a supermassive black hole, revealing the central compact objects in the elliptical galaxy M87 and the Milky Way. Proposed upgrades to this array through the next-generation EHT (ngEHT) program would sharply improve the angular resolution, dynamic range, and temporal coverage of the existing EHT observations. These improvements will uniquely enable a wealth of transformative new discoveries related to black hole science, extending from event-horizon-scale studies of strong gravity to studies of explosive transients to the cosmological growth and influence of supermassive black holes. Here, we present the key science goals for the ngEHT and their associated instrument requirements, both of which have been formulated through a multi-year international effort involving hundreds of scientists worldwide.},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4434/11/3/61},
	author = {Johnson, Michael D. and Akiyama, Kazunori and Blackburn, Lindy and Bouman, Katherine L. and Broderick, Avery E. and Cardoso, Vitor and Fender, Rob P. and et al.}
}
@film {1664812,
	title = {Dream of a Shadow},
	year = {2023},
	type = {Film, 21 min.},
	address = {USA},
	abstract = {My world was jolted by two shadow images: one, thrilling, the other terrifying.\&nbsp; After a years-long effort{\textemdash}with 200 other scientists{\textemdash}we made the first image of a black hole, its shadow of no return.\&nbsp; Then I fell into debilitating pain. A deadly shadow blot appeared on an MRI of my spine.\&nbsp; Faced with emergency surgery and no assurance of success, I sought comfort in memory images from the past and, from collaborative work that engrossed me: images of the whole visible universe could be stored in light circling a black hole. \&nbsp;It was a universal memory. An experimental back and forth between the innermost-personal and the astronomical, where shadows and consolation cross.},
	url = {https://www.labocine.com/films/dream-of-a-shadow},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1664798,
	title = {Visualisation as a Political Act},
	booktitle = {The Routledge Companion to Photography, Representation and Social Justice},
	year = {2023},
	pages = {249{\textendash}258},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {London},
	author = {Peter Galison and Moritz Neum{\"u}ller},
	editor = {Moritz Neum{\"u}ller}
}
@article {1664796,
	title = {The Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration: History, Philosophy, and Culture},
	journal = {Galaxies},
	volume = {11},
	number = {1},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023},
	pages = {32},
	abstract = {
	
		This white paper outlines the plans of the History Philosophy Culture Working Group of the Next Generation Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration.
	

},
	author = {Peter Galison and Juliusz Doboszewski and Jamee Elder and Niels C.M. Martens and Abhay Ashtekar and Jonas Enander and Marie Gueguen and et al}
}
@presentation {1664813,
	title = {What is in a Detection? Space VLBI Photon Ring Hunt},
	year = {2022},
	author = {Peter Galison and Johnson, Michael D. and Tiede, Paul and Daniel C. M. Palumbo}
}
@inbook {1664797,
	title = {Foreword: What Are Technical Lands?},
	booktitle = {Technical Lands: A Critical Primer},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {18-27},
	publisher = {JOVIS},
	organization = {JOVIS},
	url = {https://www.jovis.de/en/books/landscape/technical-lands-a-critical-primer.html},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Jeffrey S. Nesbit and Charles Waldheim}
}
@proceedings {1664792,
	title = {The Event Horizon Explorer mission concept},
	journal = {Space Telescopes and Instrumentation 2022: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave},
	year = {2022},
	publisher = {Proc. of SPIE 12180},
	address = {Montr{\'e}al, Qu{\'e}bec, Canada},
	abstract = {The Event Horizon Explorer (EHE) is a mission concept to extend the Event Horizon Telescope via an additional space-based node. We provide highlights and overview of a concept study to explore the feasibility of such a mission. We present science goals and objectives, which include studying the immediate environment around supermassive black holes, and focus on critical enabling technologies and engineering challenges. We provide an assessment of their technological readiness and overall suitability for a NASA Medium Explorer (MIDEX) class mission.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2630313},
	author = {Peter Kurczynski and Johnson, Michael D. and Doeleman, Sheperd S. and Haworth, Kari and Peretz, Eliad and Tirupati Kumara Sridharan and Byran Bilyeu and et al},
	editor = {Laura E. Coyle and Shuji Matsuura and Marshall D. Perrin}
}
@article {1664789,
	title = {The Photon Ring in M87*},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
	volume = {935},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {61},
	abstract = {We report measurements of the gravitationally lensed secondary image{\textemdash}the first in an infinite series of so-called {\textquotedblleft}photon rings{\textquotedblright}{\textemdash}around the supermassive black hole M87* via simultaneous modeling and imaging of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The inferred ring size remains constant across the seven days of the 2017 EHT observing campaign and is consistent with theoretical expectations, providing clear evidence that such measurements probe spacetime and a striking confirmation of the models underlying the first set of EHT results. The residual diffuse emission evolves on timescales comparable to one week. We are able to detect with high significance a southwestern extension consistent with that expected from the base of a jet that is rapidly rotating in the clockwise direction. This result adds further support to the identification of the jet in M87* with a black hole spin-driven outflow, launched via the Blandford{\textendash}Znajek process. We present three revised estimates for the mass of M87* based on identifying the modeled thin ring component with the bright ringlike features seen in simulated images, one of which is only weakly sensitive to the astrophysics of the emission region. All three estimates agree with each other and previously reported values. Our strongest mass constraint combines information from both the ring and the diffuse emission region, which together imply a mass-to-distance ratio of m -+ 4.20 as 0.06 0.12 and a corresponding black hole mass of (7.13 {\textpm} 0.39) {\texttimes} 109 Me,wherethe error on the latter is now dominated by the systematic uncertainty arising from the uncertain distance to M87*.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c1d},
	author = {Broderick, Avery E. and Pesce, Dominic W. and Gold, Roman and Tiede, Paul and Pu, Hung-Yi and Richard Anantua and Britzen, Silke and et al}
}
@article {1664788,
	title = {Selective Dynamical Imaging of Interferometric Data},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L18},
	abstract = {Recent developments in very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) have made it possible for the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) to resolve the innermost accretion flows of the largest supermassive black holes on the sky. The sparse nature of the EHT{\textquoteright}s (u, v)-coverage presents a challenge when attempting to resolve highly time-variable sources. We demonstrate that the changing (u, v)-coverage of the EHT can contain regions of time over the course of a single observation that facilitate dynamical imaging. These optimal time regions typically have projected baseline distributions that are approximately angularly isotropic and radially homogeneous. We derive a metric of coverage quality based on baseline isotropy and density that is capable of ranking array configurations by their ability to produce accurate dynamical reconstructions. We compare this metric to existing metrics in the literature and investigate their utility by performing dynamical reconstructions on synthetic data from simulated EHT observations of sources with simple orbital variability. We then use these results to make recommendations for imaging the 2017 EHT Sgr A* data set.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6615},
	author = {Farah, Joseph and Peter Galison and Akiyama, Kazunori and Bouman, Katherine L. and Bower, Geoffrey C. and Chael, Andrew and Fuentes, Antonio and et al}
}
@article {1664787,
	title = {Measuring Photon Rings with the ngEHT},
	journal = {Galaxies},
	volume = {10},
	number = {6},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {111},
	abstract = {General relativity predicts that images of optically thin accretion flows around black holes should generically have a {\textquotedblleft}photon ring{\textquotedblright}, composed of a series of increasingly sharp subrings that correspond to increasingly strongly lensed emission near the black hole. Because the effects of lensing are determined by the spacetime curvature, the photon ring provides a pathway to precise measurements of the black hole properties and tests of the Kerr metric. We explore the prospects for detecting and measuring the photon ring using very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) with the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) and the next-generation EHT (ngEHT). We present a series of tests using idealized self-fits to simple geometrical models and show that the EHT observations in 2017 and 2022 lack the angular resolution and sensitivity to detect the photon ring, while the improved coverage and angular resolution of ngEHT at 230 GHz and 345 GHz is sufficient for these models. We then analyze detection prospects using more realistic images from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations by applying {\textquotedblleft}hybrid imaging{\textquotedblright}, which simultaneously models two components: a flexible raster image (to capture the direct emission) and a ring component. Using the Bayesian VLBI modeling package\&nbsp;Comrade.jl, we show that the results of hybrid imaging must be interpreted with extreme caution for both photon ring detection and measurement{\textemdash}hybrid imaging readily produces false positives for a photon ring, and its ring measurements do not directly correspond to the properties of the photon ring.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/galaxies10060111},
	author = {Tiede, Paul and Johnson, Michael D. and Pesce, Dominic W. and Daniel C. M. Palumbo and Dominic O. Chang and Peter Galison}
}
@article {1664786,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. Testing the Black Hole Metric},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L17},
	abstract = {Astrophysical black holes are expected to be described by the Kerr metric. This is the only stationary, vacuum, axisymmetric metric, without electromagnetic charge, that satisfies Einstein{\textquoteright}s equations and does not have pathologies outside of the event horizon. We present new constraints on potential deviations from the Kerr prediction based on 2017 EHT observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*). We calibrate the relationship between the geometrically defined black hole shadow and the observed size of the ring-like images using a library that includes both Kerr and non-Kerr simulations. We use the exquisite prior constraints on the mass-to-distance ratio for Sgr A* to show that the observed image size is within \~{}10\% of the Kerr predictions. We use these bounds to constrain metrics that are parametrically different from Kerr, as well as the charges of several known spacetimes. To consider alternatives to the presence of an event horizon, we explore the possibility that Sgr A* is a compact object with a surface that either absorbs and thermally reemits incident radiation or partially reflects it. Using the observed image size and the broadband spectrum of Sgr A*, we conclude that a thermal surface can be ruled out and a fully reflective one is unlikely. We compare our results to the broader landscape of gravitational tests. Together with the bounds found for stellar-mass black holes and the M87 black hole, our observations provide further support that the external spacetimes of all black holes are described by the Kerr metric, independent of their mass.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6756},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1664785,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Testing Astrophysical Models of the Galactic Center Black Hole},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L16},
	abstract = {In this paper we provide a first physical interpretation for the Event Horizon Telescope's (EHT) 2017 observations of Sgr A*. Our main approach is to compare resolved EHT data at 230 GHz and unresolved non-EHT observations from radio to X-ray wavelengths to predictions from a library of models based on time-dependent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations, including aligned, tilted, and stellar-wind-fed simulations; radiative transfer is performed assuming both thermal and nonthermal electron distribution functions. We test the models against 11 constraints drawn from EHT 230 GHz data and observations at 86 GHz, 2.2 μm,andintheX-ray.Allmodelsfailatleast one constraint. Light-curve variability provides a particularly severe constraint, failing nearly all strongly magnetized (magnetically arrested disk (MAD)) models and a large fraction of weakly magnetized models. A number of models fail only the variability constraints. We identify a promising cluster of these models, which are MAD and have inclination i  30{\textdegree}. They have accretion rate (5.2{\textendash}9.5) {\texttimes} 10-9 Me yr-1, bolometric luminosity (6.8{\textendash}9.2) {\texttimes} 1035 erg s-1,and outflow power (1.3{\textendash}4.8) {\texttimes} 1038 erg s-1.Wealsofind that all models with i  70{\textdegree} fail at least two constraints, as do all models with equal ion and electron temperature; exploratory, nonthermal model sets tend to have higher 2.2 μm flux density; and the population of cold electrons is limited by X-ray constraints due to the risk of bremsstrahlung overproduction. Finally, we discuss physical and numerical limitations of the models, highlighting the possible importance of kinetic effects and duration of the simulations.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6672},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1664784,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L15},
	abstract = {In this paper we quantify the temporal variability and image morphology of the horizon-scale emission from Sgr A*, as observed by the EHT in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. We find that the Sgr A* data exhibit variability that exceeds what can be explained by the uncertainties in the data or by the effects of interstellar scattering. The magnitude of this variability can be a substantial fraction of the correlated flux density, reaching \~{}100\% on some baselines. Through an exploration of simple geometric source models, we demonstrate that ringlike morphologies provide better fits to the Sgr A* data than do other morphologies with comparable complexity. We develop two strategies for fitting static geometric ring models to the time-variable Sgr A* data; one strategy fits models to short segments of data over which the source is static and averages these independent fits, while the other fits models to the full data set using a parametric model for the structural variability power spectrum around the average source structure. Both geometric modeling and image-domain feature extraction techniques determine the ring diameter to be 51.8 {\textpm} 2.3 μas (68\% credible intervals), with the ring thickness constrained to have an FWHM between \~{}30\% and 50\% of the ring diameter. To bring the diameter measurements to a common physical scale, we calibrate them using synthetic data generated from GRMHD simulations. This calibration constrains the angular size of the gravitational radius to be -+ 4.8 0.7 1.4 μas, which we combine with an independent distance measurement from maser parallaxes to determine the mass of Sgr A* to be \&nbsp;́ -+ 4.0 10 0.6 1.1 6 Me.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6736},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1664783,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L14},
	abstract = {We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A* taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A* has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium toward the Galactic center. Mitigation of the rapid intraday variability that characterizes Sgr A* has been carried out through the addition of a {\textquotedblleft}variability noise budget{\textquotedblright} in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A* can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions and a small cluster that contains diverse nonring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability, and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A* data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of \~{}50 μas, consistent with the expected {\textquotedblleft}shadow{\textquotedblright} of a 4 {\texttimes} 106 Me black hole in the Galactic center located at a distance of 8 kpc.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6429},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1664782,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. EHT and Multiwavelength Observations, Data Processing, and Calibration},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L13},
	abstract = {We present Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) 1.3 mm measurements of the radio source located at the position of the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), collected during the 2017 April 5{\textendash}11 campaign. The observations were carried out with eight facilities at six locations across the globe. Novel calibration methods are employed to account for Sgr A*'s flux variability. The majority of the 1.3 mm emission arises from horizon scales, where intrinsic structural source variability is detected on timescales of minutes to hours. The effects of interstellar scattering on the image and its variability are found to be subdominant to intrinsic source structure. The calibrated visibility amplitudes, particularly the locations of the visibility minima, are broadly consistent with a blurred ring with a diameter of \~{}50 μas, as determined in later works in this series. Contemporaneous multiwavelength monitoring of Sgr A* was performed at 22, 43, and 86 GHz and at near-infrared and X-ray wavelengths. Several X-ray flares from Sgr A* are detected by Chandra, one at low significance jointly with Swift on 2017 April 7 and the other at higher significance jointly with NuSTAR on 2017 April 11. The brighter April 11 flare is not observed simultaneously by the EHT but is followed by a significant increase in millimeter flux variability immediately after the X-ray outburst, indicating a likely connection in the emission physics near the event horizon. We compare Sgr A*{\textquoteright}s broadband flux during the EHT campaign to its historical spectral energy distribution and find that both the quiescent emission and flare emission are consistent with its long-term behavior.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6675},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@article {1664572,
	title = {First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {930},
	year = {2022},
	pages = {L12},
	abstract = {We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of\&nbsp;λ\&nbsp;= 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 {\textpm} 2.3\&nbsp;μas (68\% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass \~{}4\&nbsp;{\texttimes}\&nbsp;106\&nbsp;M⊙, which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i\&nbsp;\&gt; 50{\textdegree}), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 103{\textendash}105\&nbsp;gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac6674},
	author = {Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@book {1810016,
	title = {상과 논리: 미시 물리학의 물질문화},
	year = {2021},
	note = {
	Korean translation of\&nbsp;Image and Logic. Translation by Lee Jaeil and Cha Dong Woo. Published in two volumes.

},
	publisher = {Hangilsa},
	organization = {Hangilsa},
	address = {Paju},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809501,
	title = {客観性},
	year = {2021},
	note = {Japanese translation of\&nbsp;Objectivity. Translated by Akihisa Setoguchi, Yasuhiro Okazawa, Kuninobu Sakamoto, and Nobumichi Ariga.},
	pages = {448},
	publisher = {Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai},
	organization = {Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai},
	address = {Nagoya},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@film {1664805,
	title = {Shattering Stars},
	year = {2021},
	type = {Film, 13 min.},
	address = {USA},
	abstract = {1930, Madras, India. On a steamship to England, 19-year-old Indian physics prodigy, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar makes a paradigm-shattering discovery about the life cycle of stars: a discipline pioneered by Sir Arthur Eddington, the world{\textquoteright}s most famous astronomer and Chandra{\textquoteright}s new advisor. After years of work under his mentor{\textquoteright}s watchful eye, Chandra presents at a public forum, only for Eddington to denounce his prot{\'e}g{\'e} and his work. A half-century later, after a more conservative career, Chandra is awarded the Nobel Prize for the work begun on board that ship to England. Grounded in his recorded memories, {\textquotedblleft}Shattering Stars{\textquotedblright} alternates between realistic and imaginary animation.},
	url = {https://aeon.co/videos/the-indian-astronomer-whose-innovative-work-on-black-holes-was-mocked-at-cambridge},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@audiovisual {1627870,
	title = {Instrumentation, Experimentation and Theory: An interview with Peter Galison},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {Science Better},
	url = {https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-NUyBNvqVc},
	author = {Peter Galison and Science Better}
}
@inbook {1604076,
	title = {The Great Speakers of the Vienna Circle: Rudolph Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Otto Neurath, Hans Reichenbach},
	booktitle = {Hannes Meyer{\textquoteright}s New Bauhaus Pedagogy},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {311-323},
	publisher = {Spector Books},
	organization = {Spector Books},
	address = {Leipzig},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Philipp Oswalt}
}
@webarticle {1592211,
	title = {How do you photograph a black hole?},
	journal = {MoMA Magazine},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://www.moma.org/magazine/articles/563},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@audiovisual {1592209,
	title = {Visualizing Science: From Black Holes to the Future with Peter Galison, Director of the Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments},
	journal = {Harvard Museums of Science \& Culture},
	year = {2021},
	publisher = {Harvard Museums of Science \& Culture},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	url = {https://hmsc.harvard.edu/visualizing-science-black-holes},
	author = {Peter Galison and Jennifer Berglund}
}
@article {1590143,
	title = {Interview with Peter Galison: On Method},
	journal = {Technology | Architecture + Design},
	volume = {5},
	number = {1},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {5-9},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2021.1863659},
	author = {Peter Galison and Winifred Elysse Newman}
}
@audiovisual {1582277,
	title = {Interview with Film School Radio},
	journal = {Film School Radio},
	year = {2021},
	url = {https://filmschoolradio.com/black-holes-the-edge-of-all-we-know-director-peter-galison/},
	author = {Peter Galison and Mike Kaspar}
}
@inbook {1506792,
	title = {Material Models of Immaterial Things},
	booktitle = {Modelwork: The Material Culture of Making and Knowing},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {21-52},
	publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
	organization = {University of Minnesota Press},
	address = {Minneapolis, MN},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Sarah Wasserman and Sandy Isenstadt and Martin Brueckner}
}
@inbook {1814281,
	title = {Postface: conversation avec Peter Galison},
	booktitle = {Design and sciences},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {171-186},
	publisher = {Presses universitaires de Vincennes},
	organization = {Presses universitaires de Vincennes},
	address = {Saint-Denis},
	author = {Peter Galison and Anne-Lyse Renon}
}
@film {1664815,
	title = {Black Holes | The Edge of All We Know},
	year = {2020},
	type = {Film, 98 min.},
	address = {USA},
	abstract = {Black holes stand at the limit of what we can know. The Event Horizon Telescope links observatories across the world to simulate an earth-sized telescope. With this tool the team pursues the first-ever picture of a black hole, resulting in an image seen by billions of people in April 2019. Meanwhile, Hawking and his team attack the black hole paradox at the heart of theoretical physics{\textemdash}Do predictive laws still function, even in these massive distortions of space and time? Weaving them together is a third strand, philosophical and exploratory using expressive animation. {\textquotedblleft}Edge{\textquotedblright} is about practicing science at the highest level, a film where observation, theory, and philosophy combine to grasp these most mysterious objects.},
	url = {https://www.netflix.com/title/81343342},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1506800,
	title = {Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution},
	journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
	volume = {640},
	year = {2020},
	url = {https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full_html/2020/08/aa37493-20/aa37493-20.html},
	author = {Peter Galison and Jae-Youn Kim and The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration}
}
@inbook {1502215,
	title = {Agnotology in Action: A Dialogue},
	booktitle = {Science and the Production of Ignorance},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {27-54},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Peter Galison and Robert Proctor},
	editor = {Janet Kourany and Martin Carrier}
}
@article {1448414,
	title = {Universal Interferometric Signatures of a Black Hole{\textquoteright}s Photon Ring},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	volume = {6},
	number = {12},
	year = {2020},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/12/eaaz1310/tab-pdf},
	author = {Johnson, Michael D. and Alexandru Lupsasca and Andrew Strominger and George N. Wong and Shahar Hadar and Daniel Kapec and Ramesh Narayan and et al.}
}
@inbook {1809426,
	title = {Die Gastlehrer des Wiener Kreises: Rudolph Carnap, Herbert Feigl, Otto Neurath, Hans Reichenbach},
	booktitle = {Hannes Meyers neue Bauhauslehre: von Dessau nach Mexiko},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {328-348},
	publisher = {Bauverlag},
	organization = {Bauverlag},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518500,
	title = {On Time},
	booktitle = {Entangle: Physics and the Artistic Imagination},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {109-111},
	publisher = {Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH},
	organization = {Hatje Cantz Verlag GmbH},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Ariane Koek}
}
@magazinearticle {1506797,
	title = {To See the Unseeable},
	journal = {Aperture},
	volume = {237},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {73-77},
	author = {Peter Galison and Elizabeth Kessler}
}
@article {1483488,
	title = {Concrete Abstractness},
	journal = {New Geographies},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {83-90},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1444450,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. The Shadow and Mass of the Central Black Hole},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {6},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab1141},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@article {1444449,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. V. Physical Origin of the Asymmetric Ring},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {5},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0f43},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@article {1444448,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {4},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@article {1444447,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. III. Data Processing and Calibration},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {3},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c57},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@article {1444446,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. II. Array and Instrumentation},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {2},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0c96},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@article {1444444,
	title = {First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole},
	journal = {The Astrophysical Journal Letters},
	volume = {875},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {1-17},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7},
	author = {The EHT Collaboration et al.}
}
@inbook {1344265,
	title = {Algorists Dream of Objectivity},
	booktitle = {Possible Minds: 25 Ways of Looking at AI},
	year = {2019},
	publisher = {Penguin Publishing Group},
	organization = {Penguin Publishing Group},
	author = {Peter L. Galison},
	editor = {John Brockman}
}
@article {1335250,
	title = {21 July 1773: Disputation, Poetry, Slavery},
	journal = {Critial Inquiry},
	volume = {45},
	number = {2},
	year = {2019},
	month = {Winter 2019},
	pages = {351-379},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809511,
	title = {Объективность},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Russain translation of\&nbsp;Objectivity.\&nbsp;Translated by\&nbsp;Вархотов\&nbsp;Тарас,\&nbsp;Писарев\&nbsp;Александр, and\&nbsp;Гавриленко\&nbsp;Станислав.},
	pages = {584},
	publisher = {Новое литературное обозрение},
	organization = {Новое литературное обозрение},
	address = {Moscow},
	url = {https://www.nlobooks.ru/books/istoriya_nauki/20001/},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@magazinearticle {1809416,
	title = {Silvan Samuel Schweber (10 April 1928{\textendash}14 May 2017)},
	journal = {Physics Today},
	volume = {71},
	number = {1},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {63-64},
	author = {Peter Galison and Kaiser, David}
}
@inbook {1483731,
	title = {Discussing Nuclear Waste with Peter Galison: Interview by Vivien Hamilton and Brinda Sarathy},
	booktitle = {Inevitably Toxic: Historical Perspectives on Contamination, Exposure, and Expertise},
	year = {2018},
	publisher = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
	organization = {University of Pittsburgh Press},
	address = {Pittsburgh},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@film {1810846,
	title = {No More, America},
	year = {2017},
	type = {Film},
	author = {Peter Galison and Henry Louis Gates Jr.}
}
@book {1809876,
	title = {实验是如何终结的},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Chinese translation of How Experiments End. Translation by Dong Lili.},
	publisher = {上海交通大学出版社},
	organization = {上海交通大学出版社},
	address = {Shanghai},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809871,
	title = {아인슈타인의 시계, 푸앵카레의 지도 : 시간의 제국들},
	year = {2017},
	publisher = {East-Asia Publishing},
	organization = {East-Asia Publishing},
	address = {Seoul},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1144091,
	title = {The pyramid and the ring: A physics indifferent to ontology},
	booktitle = {Research Objects in their Technological Setting},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {15-26},
	publisher = {Routeledge},
	organization = {Routeledge},
	address = {London and New York},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1035402,
	title = {Kunst, Physik und "The Refusal of Time" (2012)},
	booktitle = {Grenzenlos Kunst?},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {166-174},
	publisher = {Verlag Kettler},
	organization = {Verlag Kettler},
	address = {Dortmund},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Robert Kudielka and Angela Lammert}
}
@webarticle {1005501,
	title = {Containment Filmmakers Q\&amp;A (with Craig Phillips)},
	journal = {PBS, Independent Lens},
	year = {2017},
	author = {Peter Galison and Robb Moss}
}
@article {1518501,
	title = {A Questionnaire on Materialisms},
	journal = {October},
	volume = {155},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {41-44},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {David Joselit and Carrie Lambert-Beatty and Hal Foster}
}
@inbook {1503674,
	title = {Introduction},
	booktitle = {What Reason Promises},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {de Grutyer},
	organization = {de Grutyer},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Wendy Doniger and Peter Galison and Susan Nieman}
}
@article {975636,
	title = {Quand l{\textquoteright}{\'E}tat {\'e}crit de la science-fiction},
	journal = {Angle Mort},
	number = {12},
	year = {2016},
	month = {November 2016},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {824951,
	title = {Abstract Materialism: Peter Galison Discusses Foucault, Kittler, and the History of Science and Technology [Interview with Jeremy Packer]},
	journal = {International Journal of Communication},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {3160{\textendash}3173},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {824946,
	title = {Meanings of Scientific Unity: The Law, the Orchestra, the Pyramid, Quilt, and Ring},
	booktitle = {Pursuing the Unity of Science: Ideology and Scientific Practice from the Great War to the Cold War},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {12-29},
	publisher = {Ashgate Publishing},
	organization = {Ashgate Publishing},
	address = {Burlington, VT},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Harmke Kamminga and Geert Somsen}
}
@inbook {733191,
	title = {Limits of Localism: The Scale of Sight},
	booktitle = {What Reason Promises: Essays on Reason, Nature and History},
	year = {2016},
	pages = {155-170},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	organization = {De Gruyter},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Wendy Doniger and Peter Galison and Susan Neiman}
}
@book {733221,
	title = {What Reason Promises: Essays on Reason, Nature and History},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	organization = {De Gruyter},
	address = {Boston},
	url = {https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110455113/html},
	editor = {Wendy Doniger and Peter Galison and Susan Neiman}
}
@inbook {664961,
	title = {Practice All the Way Down},
	booktitle = {Kuhn{\textquoteright}s "Structure of Scientific Revolutions" at Fifty: Reflections on a Science Classic},
	year = {2016},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago and London},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Robert J. Richards and Lorraine Daston}
}
@book {1809866,
	title = {アインシュタインの時計ポアンカレの地図: 鋳造される時間},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai},
	organization = {Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai},
	address = {Nagoya},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809861,
	title = {Einsteins Uhren, Poincar{\'e}s Karten: Die Arbeit an der Ordnung der Zeit},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {FISCHER Taschenbuch},
	organization = {FISCHER Taschenbuch},
	address = {Frankfurt am Main},
	url = {https://www.fischerverlage.de/buch/peter-galison-einsteins-uhren-poincares-karten-9783596309030},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {824961,
	title = {From Objectivity to the Scientific Self: A Conversation with Peter Galison [Interview with Jason de Stefano]},
	journal = {Qui Parle},
	volume = {23},
	number = {2},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {89-114},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {824956,
	title = {The Revelation of Secrets: Peter Galison and John May on Artifacts of Surveillance, Part I and II},
	journal = {Thresholds},
	volume = {43},
	year = {2015},
	month = {May 2016},
	pages = {136-159; 254-267},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {558686,
	title = {Q\&amp;A: Time transformer},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {526},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {322},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {548026,
	title = {On the Building, Crashing, and Thinking of Technologies \&amp; Selfhood: Peter Galison in Conversation with Etienne Turpin},
	booktitle = {Art in the Anthropocene: Encounters Among Aesthetics, Politics, Environments, and Epistemologies},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {181-190},
	publisher = {Open Humanities Press},
	organization = {Open Humanities Press},
	address = {London},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Etienne Turpin and Heather Davis}
}
@inbook {547796,
	title = {The Half-Life of Story},
	booktitle = {Hall of Half-Life},
	year = {2015},
	publisher = {Steirischer Herbst},
	organization = {Steirischer Herbst},
	address = {Graz},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Tessa Giblin}
}
@artwork {547801,
	title = {Landscapes of Stopped Time},
	journal = {Hall of Half-Life},
	year = {2015},
	address = {Graz},
	url = {http://2015.steirischerherbst.at/english/Programme/Hall-of-Half-Life},
	author = {Peter Galison and Robb Moss}
}
@film {419471,
	title = {Containment},
	year = {2015},
	type = {Film},
	url = {containmentmovie.com},
	author = {Robb Moss and Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {400276,
	title = {The Journalist, the Scientist, and Objectivity},
	booktitle = {Objectivity in Science: New Perspectives from Science and Technology Studies},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {57-75},
	publisher = {Springer},
	organization = {Springer},
	address = {Cham},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Flavia Padovani and Alan Richardson}
}
@book {1809856,
	title = {Einstein Saatleri Poincare Haritalar{\i}: Zaman {\.I}mparatorluklar{\i}},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {504},
	publisher = {Ak{\i}l{\c c}elen Kitaplar},
	organization = {Ak{\i}l{\c c}elen Kitaplar},
	address = {Ankara},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518810,
	title = {Scientific Forms of Sight},
	booktitle = {Wahrnehmung, Erfahrung, Experiment, Wissen. Objektivitat und Subjektivitat in den Kunsten und den Wissenschaften},
	year = {2014},
	publisher = {Diaphanes},
	organization = {Diaphanes},
	address = {Zurich},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Susanne Stemmler}
}
@presentation {1057236,
	title = {The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Lecture 2: We Must Live on the Network},
	year = {2014},
	url = {https://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1853576},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@presentation {1057226,
	title = {The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. Lecture 1: The Gesticulating Disquiet of Those Reduced to Silence},
	year = {2014},
	url = {https://sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1853532},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@newspaperarticle {610976,
	title = {Self-censorship in the digital age},
	journal = {Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung},
	year = {2014},
	month = {7 April 2014},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {419426,
	title = {Visual STS},
	booktitle = {Visualization in the Age of Computerization},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {197-225},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Annamaria Carusi and Aud Sissel Hoel and Timothy Webmoor and Steve Woolgar}
}
@inbook {400266,
	title = {The Future of Scenarios: State Science Fiction},
	booktitle = {The Subject of Rosi Braidotti : Politics and Concepts},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {38-46},
	publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	organization = {Bloomsbury Academic},
	address = {London and New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Bolette Blaagaard and Iris van der Tuin}
}
@article {396601,
	title = {Interview with B.R. Cohen},
	journal = {Public Culture},
	volume = {26},
	number = {1},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {79-100},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1811401,
	title = {Abstraction, 1910{\textendash}1925},
	journal = {October},
	number = {143},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {40-44},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518813,
	title = {Trading Plans},
	booktitle = {Urban Planning as a Trading Zone: Urban and Landscape Perspectives},
	volume = {13},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {195-208},
	publisher = {Springer Dordecht},
	organization = {Springer Dordecht},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Alessandro Balducci and Raine Mantysalo}
}
@article {1498512,
	title = {The Lives of Images},
	journal = {Aperture},
	volume = {211},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {32-39},
	author = {Peter Galison and Trevor Paglen}
}
@article {419626,
	title = {Everything is a Target: An Interview with Maryam Monalisa Gharavi},
	journal = {The New Inquiry},
	volume = {23},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {7-20},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809506,
	title = {Objectivit{\'e}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {
	French translation of Objectivity.\&nbsp;Translated by Sophie Renaut and H{\'e}l{\`e}ne Quiniou.

},
	pages = {576},
	publisher = {les Presses du r{\'e}el},
	organization = {les Presses du r{\'e}el},
	address = {Dijon},
	url = {https://www.lespressesdureel.com/ouvrage.php?id=1537},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@artwork {1466697,
	title = {Time, Art, and Science},
	journal = {For Refuse the Hour opening, December 13 2012},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Peter L. Galison}
}
@article {602606,
	title = {Death, Time, Soup: A Conversation with William Kentridge and Peter Galison},
	journal = {New York Review of Books},
	year = {2012},
	author = {Margaret K. Koerner}
}
@article {419436,
	title = {Blacked-out Spaces: Freud, Censorship, and the Re-territorialization of the Mind},
	journal = {British Journal for the History of Science},
	volume = {45},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {235-266},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {419431,
	title = {Structure of Crystal, Bucket of Dust},
	booktitle = {Circles Disturbed: The Interplay of Mathematics and Narrative},
	year = {2012},
	pages = {52-78},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Apostolos Doxiadis and Barry Mazur}
}
@inbook {643876,
	title = {Computer Simulations and the Trading Zone},
	booktitle = {From Science to Computational Science},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {118-157},
	publisher = {Diaphanes},
	organization = {Diaphanes},
	address = {Z{\"u}rich},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Gabriele Gramelsberger}
}
@webarticle {602616,
	title = {Waste-Wilderness: A Conversation with Peter L. Galison},
	journal = {Friends of the Pleistocene},
	year = {2011},
	url = {https://fopnews.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/galison/},
	author = {Jamie Kruse and Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {438741,
	title = {Scientific Cultures},
	booktitle = {Interpreting Clifford Geertz: Cultural Investigation in the Social Sciences},
	year = {2011},
	publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	organization = {Palgrave Macmillan},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Jeffrey C. Alexander and Philip Smith and Matthew Norton}
}
@article {419446,
	title = {The Theater of Forgetting},
	journal = {Cabinet},
	volume = {42},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {78-79},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@magazinearticle {1809211,
	title = {Unknown Quantities: On Oil Spill Imaging},
	journal = {Artforum},
	volume = {49},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {49-51},
	url = {https://www.artforum.com/columns/representations-of-oil-spills-195791/},
	author = {Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones}
}
@inbook {1518815,
	title = {Tools and Innovation},
	booktitle = {Visions of Discovery},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {24038},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge, UK},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Raymond Y. Chiao}
}
@inbook {423286,
	title = {Underground Future},
	booktitle = {Ecological Urbanism},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {304-305},
	publisher = {Lars M{\"u}ller Publishers},
	organization = {Lars M{\"u}ller Publishers},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty}
}
@article {419451,
	title = {Secrecy in Three Acts},
	journal = {Social Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {941-974},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {419456,
	title = {Trading with the Enemy},
	booktitle = {Trading Zones and International Expertise: Creating New Kinds of Collaboration},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {25-52},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	organization = {The MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Michael E. Gorman}
}
@article {419461,
	title = {What Have We Learned about Limiting Knowledge in a Democracy:A Conversation with Victor S. Navasky, Peter Galison, Naomi Oreskes, Anthony D. Romero, and Aryeh Neier},
	journal = {Social Research},
	volume = {77},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1013-1048}
}
@inbook {1610010,
	title = {Scientific Coordination as Ethos and Epistemology},
	booktitle = {Instruments in Art and Science},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {296-333},
	publisher = {De Gruyter},
	organization = {De Gruyter},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison and Lorraine Daston},
	editor = {Helmar Schramm et al.}
}
@inbook {1518819,
	title = {Removing Knowledge: The Logic of Modern Censorship},
	booktitle = {Agnotology: The Making and Unmaking of Ignorance},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {37-54},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	organization = {Stanford University Press},
	address = {Stanford},
	url = {https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=11232},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Robert N. Proctor and Londa Schiebinger}
}
@article {423291,
	title = {The Discovery of the Muon and the Failed Revolution Against Quantum Electrodynamics},
	journal = {Centaurus},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {105-159},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {423306,
	title = {Scientific Coordination as Ethos and Epistemology},
	booktitle = {Instruments in Art and Science: On the Architectonics of Cultural Boundaries},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {296-333},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	organization = {Walter de Gruyter},
	address = {Berlin and New York},
	author = {Peter Galison and Lorraine Daston},
	editor = {Helmar Schramm and Ludger Schwarte and Jan Lazardzig}
}
@article {423296,
	title = {Ten Problems in History and Philosophy of Science},
	journal = {Isis},
	volume = {99},
	number = {1},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {111-124},
	abstract = {In surveying the field of history and philosophy of science (HPS), it may be more useful just now to pose some key questions than it would be to lay out the sundry competing attempts to unify H and P. The ten problems this essay presents are grounded in a range of work of enormous interest{\textemdash}historical and philosophical work that has made use of productive categories of analysis: context, historicism, purity, and microhistory, to name but a few. What kind of account are we after{\textemdash}historically and philosophically{\textemdash}when we attempt to address science not as a vacuous generality but in its specific, local formation?},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/587536},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {393176,
	title = {Einstein for the 21st Century: His Legacy in Science, Art, and Modern Culture},
	year = {2008},
	publisher = {Princeton University Press},
	organization = {Princeton University Press},
	address = {Princeton},
	abstract = {
	More than fifty years after his death, Albert Einstein{\textquoteright}s vital engagement with the world continues to inspire others, spurring conversations, projects, and research, in the sciences as well as the humanities.\&nbsp;Einstein for the 21st Century\&nbsp;shows us why he remains a figure of fascination.



	In this wide-ranging collection, eminent artists, historians, scientists, and social scientists describe Einstein{\textquoteright}s influence on their work, and consider his relevance for the future. Scientists discuss how Einstein{\textquoteright}s vision continues to motivate them, whether in their quest for a fundamental description of nature or in their investigations in chaos theory; art scholars and artists explore his ties to modern aesthetics; a music historian probes Einstein{\textquoteright}s musical tastes and relates them to his outlook in science; historians explore the interconnections between Einstein{\textquoteright}s politics, physics, and philosophy; and other contributors examine his impact on the innovations of our time. Uniquely cross-disciplinary,\&nbsp;Einstein for the 21st Century\&nbsp;serves as a testament to his legacy and speaks to everyone with an interest in his work.



	Available at: Amazon

},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Gerald Holton and Silvan S. Schweber}
}
@film {393181,
	title = {Secrecy},
	year = {2008},
	url = {http://www.secrecyfilm.com/},
	author = {Peter Galison and Robb Moss}
}
@newspaperarticle {1817826,
	title = {Allston Dreams},
	journal = {The Harvard Crimson},
	year = {2007},
	abstract = {Allston is the hope and promise of Harvard{\textquoteright}s long-term future. Getting it right will shape the character of the University for generations. But we could easily get it wrong.},
	url = {https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2007/6/7/allston-dreams-allston-is-the-hope/},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809851,
	title = {Τα ρολόγια του Αϊνστάιν, οι χάρτες του Πουανκαρέ, Οι αυτοκρατορίες του χρόνου},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {448},
	publisher = {Κάτοπτρο},
	organization = {Κάτοπτρο},
	address = {Athens},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809516,
	title = {Objektivit{\"a}t},
	year = {2007},
	note = {German translation of\&nbsp;Objectivity. Translated by Christa Kr{\"u}ger.},
	pages = {530},
	publisher = {Suhrkamp Verlag AG},
	organization = {Suhrkamp Verlag AG},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@book {393131,
	title = {Objectivity},
	year = {2007},
	publisher = {Zone Books},
	organization = {Zone Books},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {
	Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises. In\&nbsp;Objectivity,\&nbsp;Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences {\textemdash} and show how the concept differs from alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment. This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images.



	From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences {\textemdash} from anatomy to crystallography {\textemdash} are those featured in scientific atlases: the compendia that teach practitioners of a discipline what is worth looking at and how to look at it. Atlas images define the working objects of the sciences of the eye: snowflakes, galaxies, skeletons, even elementary particles. Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals. Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology.



	As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science. To pursue objectivity {\textemdash} or truth-to-nature or trained judgment {\textemdash} is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge. Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community. Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight.\&nbsp;Objectivity\&nbsp;is a book addressed to any one interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity {\textemdash} and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.



	Available at:\&nbsp;Amazon

},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809846,
	title = {L{\textquoteright}Empire du temps: Les horloges d{\textquoteright}Einstein et les cartes de Poincar{\'e}},
	year = {2006},
	publisher = {Gallimard},
	organization = {Gallimard},
	address = {Paris},
	url = {https://www.gallimard.fr/Catalogue/GALLIMARD/Folio/Folio-essais/L-empire-du-temps$\#$},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {423311,
	title = {Things and Thoughts},
	booktitle = {My Einstein: Essays by Twenty-four of the World{\textquoteright}s Leading Thinkers on the Man, His Work, and His Legacy},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {143-150},
	publisher = {Pantheon Books},
	organization = {Pantheon Books},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {John Brockman}
}
@book {1809841,
	title = {Relojes de Eintsein, mapas de Poincar{\'e}: Los imperios del tiempo},
	year = {2005},
	publisher = {Editorial Cr{\'\i}tica},
	organization = {Editorial Cr{\'\i}tica},
	address = {Barcelona},
	url = {https://www.planetadelibros.com/libro-relojes-de-einstein-mapas-de-poncaire/16476},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809836,
	title = {Os rel{\'o}gios de Einstein e os mapas de Poincar{\'e}: Imp{\'e}rios do tempo},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {396},
	publisher = {Gradiva},
	organization = {Gradiva},
	address = {Lisbon},
	url = {https://www.gradiva.pt/catalogo/14413/os-relogios-de-einstein-e-os-mapas-de-poincare},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809831,
	title = {Einsteinovy hodiny a Poincar{\'e}ho mapy: {\v r}{\'\i}{\v s}e {\v c}asu},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {328},
	publisher = {Mlad{\'a} fronta},
	organization = {Mlad{\'a} fronta},
	address = {Prague},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518899,
	title = {Material Culture, Theoretical Culture, and Delocalization},
	booktitle = {Collection, Laboratory, Theater},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {490-506},
	publisher = {de Grutyer},
	organization = {de Grutyer},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {H. Schramm and L. Schwarte and J. Lazardizig}
}
@inbook {1518898,
	title = {Physics Between War and Peace},
	booktitle = {Instrumental in War: Science, Research, and Instruments Between Knowledge and the World},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {363-403},
	publisher = {Brill},
	organization = {Brill},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Steven A. Walton}
}
@inbook {1518895,
	title = {Removing Knowledge},
	booktitle = {Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {590-599},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel}
}
@inbook {1518821,
	title = {Wall of Silence},
	booktitle = {Making Things Public: Atmospheres of Democracy},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {332-333},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge, MA},
	author = {Peter Galison and Robb Moss},
	editor = {Bruno Latour and Peter Weibel}
}
@article {1513688,
	title = {Histoire du Dehors (French)},
	journal = {Cahiers Parisiens},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {419-436},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Robert Morrissey}
}
@inbook {1272651,
	title = {Our Privacy, Ourselves in the Age of Technological Intrusions},
	booktitle = {Human Rights in the {\textquoteright}War on Terror{\textquoteright}},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {258-294},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	organization = {Cambridge University Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Peter Galison and Martha Minow}
}
@book {1809826,
	title = {Gli orologi di Einstein, le mappe di Poincar{\'e}: imperi del tempo},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {406},
	publisher = {Raffaello Cortina Editore},
	organization = {Raffaello Cortina Editore},
	address = {Milan},
	url = {https://www.raffaellocortina.it/scheda-libro/peter-galison/gli-orologi-di-einstein-le-mappe-di-poincare-9788870789102-1018.html},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1518905,
	title = {Introduction: Einstein 1905-2005},
	journal = {ISIS},
	volume = {95},
	number = {4},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {610-613},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518901,
	title = {Abbild und Logik: Zur apparativen Kultur der Teilchenphysik},
	booktitle = {Analog/Digital-Opposition oder Kontinuum?},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {355-372},
	publisher = {Transcript},
	organization = {Transcript},
	address = {Bielefeld},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {J. Schroter and A. Bohnke}
}
@article {1518897,
	title = {Author of Error},
	journal = {Social Research},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {63-76},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1272656,
	title = {Mirror symmetry: persons, values, and objects},
	booktitle = {Growing explanations: Historical perspectives on recent science},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {23-63},
	publisher = {Duke University Press},
	organization = {Duke University Press},
	address = {Durham},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {917646,
	title = {Image of Self},
	booktitle = {Things that Talk: Object Lessons from Art and Science},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {257-296},
	publisher = {Zone Books},
	organization = {Zone Books},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Lorraine Daston}
}
@article {423321,
	title = {Removing Knowledge},
	journal = {Critical Inquiry},
	volume = {31},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {229-243},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {423326,
	title = {Specific Theory},
	journal = {Critical Inquiry},
	volume = {30},
	year = {2004},
	pages = {379-383},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1518907,
	title = {Materielle Kultur, Theoretische Kultur und Delokalisierung},
	booktitle = {Kunstkammer, Laboratorium, Bilhne},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {501-520},
	publisher = {de Grutyer},
	organization = {de Grutyer},
	address = {Berlin},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {H. Schramm and L. Schwarte and J. Lazardig}
}
@book {1020671,
	title = {Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Mario Biagioli}
}
@article {602611,
	title = {The Ontology of the Enemy: An Interview with Peter Galison},
	journal = {Cabinet},
	number = {12},
	year = {2003},
	url = {http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/12/najafi2.php},
	author = {Peter Galison and Sina Najafi}
}
@inbook {423401,
	title = {The Collective Author},
	booktitle = {Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {325-353},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York and Oxford},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Mario Biagioli}
}
@book {393146,
	title = {Einstein{\textquoteright}s Clocks, Poincar{\'e}{\textquoteright}s Maps: Empires of Time},
	year = {2003},
	publisher = {W.W. Norton},
	organization = {W.W. Norton},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {
	A dramatic new account of the parallel quests to harness time that culminated in the revolutionary science of relativity,\&nbsp;Einstein{\textquoteright}s Clocks, Poincar{\'e}{\textquoteright}s Maps\&nbsp;is "part history, part science, part adventure, part biography, part meditation on the meaning of modernity....In Galison{\textquoteright}s telling of science, the meters and wires and epoxy and solder come alive as characters, along with physicists, engineers, technicians and others....Galison has unearthed fascinating material" (New York Times).Clocks and trains, telegraphs and colonial conquest: the challenges of the late nineteenth century were an indispensable real-world background to the enormous theoretical breakthrough of relativity. And two giants at the foundations of modern science were converging, step-by-step, on the answer: Albert Einstein, an young, obscure German physicist experimenting with measuring time using telegraph networks and with the coordination of clocks at train stations; and the renowned mathematician Henri Poincar{\'e}, president of the French Bureau of Longitude, mapping time coordinates across continents. Each found that to understand the newly global world, he had to determine whether there existed a pure time in which simultaneity was absolute or whether time was relative.Esteemed historian of science Peter Galison has culled new information from rarely seen photographs, forgotten patents, and unexplored archives to tell the fascinating story of two scientists whose concrete, professional preoccupations engaged them in a silent race toward a theory that would conquer the empire of time.\&nbsp;



	Available at:\&nbsp;Amazon

},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1809986,
	title = {Ainsi s{\textquoteright}ach{\`e}vent les exp{\'e}riences: La place des exp{\'e}riences dans la physique du XXe si{\`e}cle},
	year = {2002},
	note = {French translation of\&nbsp;How Experiments End. Translation by Bertrand Nicquevert.},
	publisher = {La D{\'e}courverte},
	organization = {La D{\'e}courverte},
	address = {Paris},
	url = {https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/ainsi_s_achevent_les_experiences-9782707135605},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1738121,
	title = {Images Scatter into Data, Data Gather into Images},
	booktitle = {Iconoclash: Beyond the Image Wars in Science, Religion, and Art},
	year = {2002},
	publisher = {MIT Press},
	organization = {MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {423406,
	title = {The Sextant Equation: E=mc2},
	booktitle = {It Must be Beautiful: Great Equations of Modern Science},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {28-46},
	publisher = {Granta Books},
	organization = {Granta Books},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Graham Farmelo}
}
@inbook {1811396,
	title = {Theories and the Dead / Theorien und Tote},
	booktitle = {Liam Gillick, Sarah Morris, Bridget Riley, Matthew Ritchie},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {148-161},
	publisher = {Parkett-Verl},
	organization = {Parkett-Verl},
	address = {Z{\"u}rich},
	author = {Peter Galison and Caroline A. Jones}
}
@article {1520854,
	title = {War Against the Center},
	journal = {Greyroom},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {6-33},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1020676,
	title = {Science in Culture},
	year = {2001},
	publisher = {Transaction Publishers (Reprint from Daedalus Winter 1998)},
	organization = {Transaction Publishers (Reprint from Daedalus Winter 1998)},
	address = {New Brunswick, NJ},
	editor = {Peter Galison and S. Graubard and E. Mendelsohn}
}
@inbook {1520859,
	title = {Pragmatism at War},
	booktitle = {The Pragmatist Imagination: Thinking About "Things in the Making"},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {148-155},
	publisher = {Princeton Architectural Press},
	organization = {Princeton Architectural Press},
	address = {Princeton, NJ},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Joan Ockman}
}
@inbook {1520858,
	title = {Introduction},
	booktitle = {Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {vii-xvi},
	publisher = {Springer Dordecht},
	organization = {Springer Dordecht},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Alex Roland}
}
@inbook {1520857,
	title = {An Accident of History},
	booktitle = {Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {3-43},
	publisher = {Springer Dordecht},
	organization = {Springer Dordecht},
	address = {Boston},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Alex Roland}
}
@article {1410586,
	title = {The Suppressed Drawing: Paul Dirac{\textquoteright}s Hidden Geometry},
	journal = {Representations},
	number = {72},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {145-166},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/2902912?seq=1$\#$metadata_info_tab_contents},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {1126111,
	title = {Accident of History},
	booktitle = {Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century: Archimedes New Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {3-43},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic},
	address = {Dordrecht/Boston},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Alex Roland}
}
@inbook {1126096,
	title = {Random Philosophy},
	booktitle = {The Reality of the Unobservable: Observability, Unobservability and Their Impact of on the Issue of Scientific Realism},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {123-128},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic},
	address = {Dordrecht/Boston},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Evandro Agazzi and Massimo Pauri}
}
@book {1020681,
	title = {Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {2000},
	publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	organization = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Alex Roland}
}
@inbook {423426,
	title = {Objectivity is Romantic},
	booktitle = {Humanities and the Sciences},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {15-43},
	publisher = {ACLS},
	organization = {ACLS},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Jerome Friedman and Peter Galison and Susan Haack}
}
@film {419466,
	title = {Ultimate Weapon},
	year = {2000},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1814851,
	title = {A singularity in modern science},
	journal = {Nature},
	volume = {398},
	number = {6729},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {677-677},
	abstract = {Galison reviews Geons, Black Holes, and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics by John Archibald Wheeler with Kenneth Ford.},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1520862,
	title = {Author{\textquoteright}s Response},
	journal = {Metascience},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {356-404},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1020686,
	title = {The Architecture of Science},
	year = {1999},
	publisher = {The MIT Press},
	organization = {The MIT Press},
	address = {Cambridge},
	url = {https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262526456/the-architecture-of-science/},
	editor = {Peter Galison and Emily Ann Thompson}
}
@inbook {1007836,
	title = {Trading Zone: Coordinating Action and Belief (1998 abridgment)},
	booktitle = {The Science Studies Reader},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {137-160},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Mario Biagioli}
}
@inbook {1520874,
	title = {Judgment Against Objectivity},
	booktitle = {Picturing Science, Producing Art},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {327-359},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison}
}
@article {1520872,
	title = {Feynman{\textquoteright}s War: Modeling Weapons, Modeling Nature},
	journal = {Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {391-434},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1520865,
	title = {Introduction: Cultures of Theory},
	journal = {Studies in the History and Philosophy of Modern Physics},
	volume = {29},
	number = {3},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {287-294},
	author = {Peter Galison and Andrew Warwick}
}
@article {1520864,
	title = {The Americanization of Unity},
	journal = {Daedalus},
	volume = {12},
	number = {7},
	year = {1998},
	pages = {45-71},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1020691,
	title = {Picturing Science, Producing Art},
	year = {1998},
	publisher = {Routledge},
	organization = {Routledge},
	address = {New York},
	abstract = {Between the disciplines of art history and the history of science lies a growing field of inquiry into what science and art share as both image-making and knowledge-producing activities. The contributors of Picturing Science, Producing Art occupy this intermediate zone to analyze both scientific and aesthetic representations, utilizing disciplinary perspectives that range from art history to sociology, history and philosophy of science to gender studies, cultural history to the philosophy of mind. Organized in five sites--Styles, The Body, Seeing Wonders, Objectivity/Subjectivity, and Cultures of Vision--their topics extend from Cinquecento theories of female reproduction to the technologies of cloning, from medieval depictions of the stigmata to electrical metaphors for sex, from astronomical drawings to radioencephalography, from Phoenician griffons carved in ivory to factories cast in concrete. The internationally renowned contributors go beyond both science wars and culture wars by exploring substantive links between systems of visual representation and knowledge in science and art.},
	url = {https://www.routledge.com/Picturing-Science-Producing-Art/Galison-Jones/p/book/9780415919128},
	editor = {Caroline A. Jones and Peter Galison}
}
@magazinearticle {1790996,
	title = {Marietta Blau: Between Nazis and Nuclei},
	journal = {Physics Today},
	volume = {50},
	number = {11},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {42-48},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {423451,
	title = {Material Culture, Theoretical Culture, and Delocalization},
	booktitle = {Science in the Twentieth Century},
	year = {1997},
	pages = {669-682},
	publisher = {Harwood},
	organization = {Harwood},
	address = {Amsterdam},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {John Krige and Dominique Pestre}
}
@book {393156,
	title = {Image and Logic},
	year = {1997},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	abstract = {
	Image and Logic\&nbsp;is the most detailed engagement to date with the impact of modern technology on what it means to "do" physics and to be a physicist. At the beginning of this century, physics was usually done by a lone researcher who put together experimental apparatus on a benchtop. Now experiments frequently are larger than a city block, and experimental physicists live very different lives: programming computers, working with industry, coordinating vast teams of scientists and engineers, and playing politics.Peter L. Galison probes the material culture of experimental microphysics to reveal how the ever-increasing scale and complexity of apparatus have distanced physicists from the very science that drew them into experimenting, and have fragmented microphysics into different technical traditions much as apparatus have fragmented atoms to get at the fundamental building blocks of matter. At the same time, the necessity for teamwork in operating multimillion-dollar machines has created dynamic "trading zones," where instrument makers, theorists, and experimentalists meet, share knowledge, and coordinate the extraordinarily diverse pieces of the culture of modern microphysics: work, machines, evidence, and argument.



	Available at:\&nbsp;Amazon

},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {1020696,
	title = {The Disunity of Science: Contexts, Boundaries, and Power},
	year = {1996},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	organization = {Stanford University Press},
	address = {Stanford},
	editor = {Peter Galison and David J. Stump}
}
@inbook {423456,
	title = {Theory Bound and Unbound: Superstrings and Experiments},
	booktitle = {Laws of Nature: Essays on the Philosophic, Scientific, and Historical Dimensions},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {369-408},
	publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
	organization = {Walter de Gruyter},
	address = {Berlin and New York},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@magazinearticle {1811471,
	title = {Mr. Cogito},
	journal = {The New Republic},
	volume = {214},
	number = {20},
	year = {1993},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1810966,
	title = {The image of objectivity},
	journal = {Representations},
	number = {40},
	year = {1992},
	pages = {81-128},
	author = {Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison}
}
@book {1020701,
	title = {Big Science: The Growth of Large-Scale Research.},
	year = {1992},
	publisher = {Stanford University Press},
	organization = {Stanford University Press},
	address = {Stanford},
	editor = {Peter Galison and B. Hevly}
}
@article {1810566,
	title = {Aufbau/Bauhaus: Logical Positivism and Architectural Modernism},
	journal = {Critical Inquiry},
	volume = {16},
	number = {4},
	year = {1990},
	pages = {709-752},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1462410,
	title = {In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952-1954},
	journal = {Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences},
	volume = {19},
	number = {2},
	year = {1989},
	pages = {267-347},
	url = { https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757627},
	author = {Peter L. Galison and Barton Bernstein}
}
@inbook {1609990,
	title = {The Evolution of Large-Scale Research in Physics},
	booktitle = {Report of the HEPAP Subpanel on Future Modes of Experimental Research in High Energy Physics, July 1988},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {79-94},
	publisher = {U. S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research, Division of High Energy Physics},
	organization = {U. S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Research, Division of High Energy Physics},
	address = {Washington, D. C. },
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1462210,
	title = {Philosophy in the Laboratory},
	journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
	volume = {85},
	number = {10},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {525-527},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026811},
	author = {Peter L. Galison}
}
@article {1419647,
	title = {History, Philosophy, and the Central Metaphor},
	journal = {Science in Context},
	volume = {2},
	number = {1},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {197-212},
	author = {Peter L. Galison}
}
@article {1311683,
	title = {Philosophy in the Laboratory},
	journal = {The Journal of Philosophy},
	volume = {85},
	number = {10},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {525-527},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2026811},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@book {393161,
	title = {How Experiments End},
	year = {1987},
	publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
	organization = {University of Chicago Press},
	address = {Chicago},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1811476,
	title = {Review of Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science by Ian Hacking},
	journal = {Isis},
	volume = {77},
	number = {1},
	year = {1986},
	pages = {118-120},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1815886,
	title = {How the first neutral-current experiments ended},
	journal = {Reviews of Modern Physics},
	volume = {55},
	number = {2},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {477-509},
	abstract = {At the beginning of the 1970s there seemed little reason to believe that strangeness-conserving neutral currents existed: theoreticians had no pressing need for them and several experiments suggested that they were suppressed if they were present at all. Indeed the two remarkable neutrino experiments that eventually led to their discovery were designed and built for very different purposes, including the search for the vector boson and the investigation of the parton model. In retrospect we know that certain gauge theories (notably the Weinberg-Salam model) predicted that neutral currents exist. But until {\textquoteright}t Hooft and Veltman proved that such theories were renormalizable, little effort was made to test the new theories. After the proof the two experimental groups began to reorient their goals to settle an increasingly central issue of physics. Do neutral currents exist? We ask here: What kind of evidence and arguments persuaded the participants that they had before them a real effect and not an artifact of the apparatus? What eventually convinced them that their experiment was over? An answer to these questions requires an examination of the organization of the experiments, the nature of the apparatus, and the previous work of the experimentalists. Finally, some general observations are made about the recent evolution of experimental physics.},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.55.477},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1811466,
	title = {Review of The Rise of Robert Millikan: Portrait of a Life in American Science, by Robert H. Kargon},
	journal = {Journal of American History},
	volume = {69},
	number = {4},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {1028-1029},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2307/1901283},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@mastersthesis {1810786,
	title = {I. How Experiments End: Three Case Studies of the Interaction of Experiment and Theory in Twentieth-Century Physics; II. Large Weak Isospin and the W Mass},
	year = {1983},
	type = {PhD thesis},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@inbook {423461,
	title = {Re-reading the Past from the End of Physics: Maxwell{\textquoteright}s Equations in Retrospect},
	booktitle = {Functions and Uses of Disciplinary Histories},
	year = {1983},
	pages = {35-51},
	publisher = {D. Reidel Publishing},
	organization = {D. Reidel Publishing},
	address = {Dordrecht},
	author = {Peter Galison},
	editor = {Loren Graham and Wolf Lepenies and Peter Weingart}
}
@article {1815746,
	title = {Theoretical Predispositions in Experimental Physics: Einstein and the Gyromagnetic Experiments, 1915-1925},
	journal = {Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences},
	volume = {12},
	number = {2},
	year = {1982},
	pages = {285-323},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1518499,
	title = {Kuhn and the Quantum Controversy: A Review of Black Body Theory and the Quantum Discontinuity 1894-1912, by Thomas S. Kuhn },
	journal = {The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science},
	volume = {32},
	year = {1981},
	pages = {71-85},
	author = {Peter L. Galison}
}
@mastersthesis {1302984,
	title = {Minkowski{\textquoteright}s Space-Time: From Visual Thinking to the Absolute World},
	year = {1977},
	type = {PhD Thesis},
	author = {Peter Galison}
}
@article {1817891,
	title = {One-band density of states for some models for amorphous semiconductors},
	journal = {Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics},
	volume = {8},
	number = {21},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {L468},
	abstract = {The authors use the equation-of-motion method to obtain directly the one-band density of states, projected on interior atoms, for three approximately 500-unit continuous random network models for amorphous group IV semiconductors and one 533-atom continuous random network model for amorphous arsenic. The presence of a sharp peak in the lower part of the band and the retreat of the lower band-edge are correlated with the concentration of five-membered rings of bonds.},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3719/8/21/012},
	author = {Richard Alben and L. von Heimendahl and Peter Galison and M. Long}
}
@article {1817881,
	title = {Instantaneous electron energy distribution function in ion waves},
	journal = {Physics of Fluids},
	volume = {16},
	number = {12},
	year = {1973},
	pages = {2180-2183},
	abstract = {The assumptions involved in the use of Boltzmann{\textquoteright}s law to describe the electron density variations in ion acoustic waves are discussed. The need for electron collisions to fill the regions of maximum potential with low-energy electrons is pointed out. A direct method for measuring the electron energy distribution at any time during the period of an ion wave is presented. Experimental results show the existence of electrons with energy small enough for their motion to be constrained to the wave potential well. For higher energies, the distribution stays approximately the same. The method provides a direct measure of plasma potential, which is related to density. The Boltzmann law is still seen to be accurate for relative fluctuations of the order of up to 20\%.},
	url = {https://pubs.aip.org/pfl/article/16/12/2180/448472/Instantaneous-electron-energy-distribution},
	author = {Dominique Gr{\'e}sillon and Peter Galison}
}
